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. 2024 Oct 12;14:23893. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-75573-0

Table 5.

Factors affecting utilization of health services.

Variable Utilization of healthcare services χ2 p-valuea
Yes
N (%)
No
N (%)
Gender Male 108 (86.4%) 17 (13.6%) 0.164 0.149
Female 267 (87.8%) 37 (12.2%)
Level of Study 100 Level 37 (69.8%) 16 (30.2%) 25.094 < 0.001*
200 Level 9 (87.2%) 14 (12.8%)
300 Level 85 (84.2%) 16 (15.8%)
400 Level 92 (95.8%) 4 (4.2%)
500 Level 66 (94.3%) 4 (5.7%)
Family size < 4 persons 45 (86.5%) 7 (13.5%) 0.042 0.179
4–6 persons 238 (87.5%) 34 (12.5%)
> 6 persons 92 (87.6%) 13 (12.4%)
Student monthly allowance 20,000–50,000 150 (88.2%) 20 (11.8%) 0.952 0.145
60,000-100,000 168 (87.9%) 23 (12.1%)
> 100,000 57 (83.8%) 11 (16.2%)
Family monthly income < 200,000 58 (98.3%) 1 (1.7%) 56.202 < 0.001*
200,000-500,000 136 (94.4%) 8 (5.6%)
600,000–1,000,000 144 (87.8%) 20 (12.2%)
> 1,000,000 37 (59.7%) 25 (40.3%)
Age < 20 years 301 (85.8%) 50 (14.2%) 4.821 0.036*
> 20 years 74 (94.9%) 4 (5.1%)
#High cost of drugs Agree 81 (72.3%) 31 (27.7%) 51.887 < 0.001*
Disagree 70 (33.6%) 138 (66.4%)
#Services too expensive Agree 224 (84.8%) 40 (15.2%) 4.101 0.050*
Disagree 151 (91.5%) 14 (8.5%)
#Affordability of food Agree 138 (84.1%) 26 (15.9%) 2.574 0.134
Disagree 237 (89.4%) 28 (10.6%)
#Attitude of staff Agree 165 (82.5%) 35 (17.5%) 8.218 0.005*
Disagree 210 (91.8%) 19 (8.2%)
#Distance of facility Agree 328 (87.5%) 47 (12.5%) 0.008 0.100
Disagree 47 (87.0%) 7 (13.0%)
#Perceived incompetence of healthcare staff Agree 71 (83.5%) 14 (16.5%) 1.453 0.172
Disagree 304 (88.4%) 40 (11.6%)
#Long waiting time Agree 299 (88.7%) 38 (11.3%) 2.456 0.154
Disagree 76 (82.6%) 16 (17.4%)
#Services not satisfactory Agree 150 (85.2%) 26 (14.8%) 1.295 0.301
Disagree 225 (88.9%) 28 (11.1%)

Key: Dependent variable = Utilization of Healthcare services; a= Chi-square test; *= Statistically significant at p  0.05; #= The Likert scale responses for economic barriers and perception variables were dichotomized to Agree and Disagree.