Table 2.
Bivariate descriptive statistics for the relation of demographic variables with maternal responsiveness at six-weeks postpartum (n=701)
| n (%) | Maternal responsiveness, mean (SD) | p-value† | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Participant characteristics | |||
| Age (years) | 0.543 | ||
| ≤25 | 419 (59.77) | 90.53 (10.17) | |
| >25 | 282 (40.23) | 90.21 (10.36) | |
| Education (years) | 0.721 | ||
| ≤Middle school (≤8 years) | 287 (40.94) | 90.12 (10.86) | |
| >Middle school (>8 years) | 414 (59.06) | 90.60 (9.80) | |
| Gravidity | 0.549 | ||
| Primigravida | 201 (28.67) | 90.71 (10.10) | |
| Multigravida | 500 (71.33) | 90.28 (10.30) | |
| Previous pregnancy loss | 0.784 | ||
| Yes | 294 (41.94) | 90.27 (10.36) | |
| No | 407 (58.06) | 90.50 (10.17) | |
| Treatment group | 0.008 | ||
| Intervention group | 350 (49.93) | 91.48 (9.92) | |
| Control group | 351 (50.07) | 89.33 (10.45) | |
| Exposure to IPV at postpartum | <0.001 | ||
| Exposed to any IPV | 190 (27.10) | 86.18 (11.08) | |
| Not exposed | 511 (72.90) | 91.97 (9.45) | |
| Postpartum depressive symptoms | <0.001 | ||
| None-mild (0-4) | 258 (36.80) | 92.33 (9.25) | |
| Moderate-severe (5-27) | 443 (63.20) | 89.28 (10.63) | |
| Household characteristics | |||
| Family structure | 0.178 | ||
| Nuclear | 226 (32.24) | 89.34 (10.67) | |
| Joint (living with in-law parents) | 234 (33.38) | 90.65 (10.17) | |
| Extended/multiple households | 241 (34.38) | 91.16 (9.85) | |
| Monthly household income (PKR) | 0.021 | ||
| ≤20,000 | 445 (63.48) | 89.60 (10.79) | |
| >20,000 | 256 (36.52) | 91.79 (9.06) | |
| Child characteristics | |||
| Sex | 0.459 | ||
| Male | 341 (48.64) | 90.72 (9.82) | |
| Female | 360 (51.36) | 90.10 (10.63) | |
| Birthweight | 0.405 | ||
| Low birthweight (<2.5kg) | 97 (13.84) | 90.03 (9.30) | |
| Normal (≥2.5kg) | 604 (86.16) | 90.46 (10.39) | |
| Preterm birth | 0.017 | ||
| Preterm (<37 weeks) | 144 (20.54) | 92.35 (9.23) | |
| Full term (≥37 weeks) | 557 (79.46) | 89.90 (10.43) |
†
Wilcoxon rank sum tests and Kruskal-Wallis equality of populations rank test were used to compare maternal responsiveness scores by the categories of covariates.
Note: High scores in the Maternal Infant Responsiveness Instrument (MIRI) indicate good responsiveness.