Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants by sex.
| Variable | Total (N = 1253) | Women (N = 995) | Men (N = 258) | Pa |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years, mean ± SD | 58.1 ± 11.7 | 57.9 ± 11.5 | 59.1 ± 12.7 | 0.14 |
| BMI, kg/m2, mean ± SD | 23.3 ± 3.7 | 23.2 ± 3.8 | 23.8 ± 3.3 | 0.029 |
| MAI, mean ± SD | 0.17 ± 0.08 | 0.17 ± 0.08 | 0.18 ± 0.08 | 0.05 |
| Foot posture, N (%) | 0.97 | |||
| Normal | 766 (61.1) | 608 (61.1) | 158 (61.2) | |
| Cavus (high arch) | 248 (19.8) | 196 (19.7) | 52 (20.2) | |
| Planus (low arch) | 239 (19.1) | 191 (19.2) | 48 (18.6) | |
| CPEI, mean ± SD | 20.5 ± 9.0 | 19.7 ± 8.8 | 23.7 ± 8.8 | < 0.001 |
| Foot function, N (%) | 0.20 | |||
| Normal | 821 (65.5) | 664 (66.7) | 157 (60.9) | |
| Pronated | 218 (17.4) | 168 (16.9) | 50 (19.4) | |
| Supinated | 214 (17.1) | 163 (16.4) | 51 (19.8) | |
| Hallux valgus, N (%) | 415 (33.1) | 364 (36.6) | 51 (19.8) | < 0.001 |
| Foot pain, N (%) | 440 (35.1) | 380 (38.2) | 60 (23.3) | < 0.001 |
| Varus knee, N (%) | 323 (25.8) | 234 (23.5) | 89 (34.5) | < 0.001 |
| Slow walking speed, N (%) | 47 (3.8) | 41 (4.1) | 6 (2.3) | 0.24 |
| Mobility limitation, N (%) | 250 (20.0) | 215 (21.6) | 35 (13.6) | 0.005 |
| ADL limitation, N (%) | 38 (3.0) | 31 (3.1) | 7 (2.7) | 0.90 |
| Recurrent falls in past year, N (%) | 65 (5.2) | 55 (5.5) | 10 (3.9) | 0.36 |
| Prevalent OA, N (%) | 127 (10.1) | 111 (11.2) | 16 (6.2) | 0.025 |
| Incident OA during follow-upb, N (%) | 33 (2.9) | 28 (3.2) | 5 (2.1) | 0.49 |
| Died during follow-upb, N (%) | 20 (1.8) | 11 (1.2) | 9 (3.7) | 0.021 |
BMI, body mass index; CPEI, center of pressure excursion index; MAI, modified arch index; OA, osteoarthritis; SD, standard deviation.
a
P-values were based on t-tests for continuous variables and χ2 tests for categorical variables.
b
Only individuals without a prevalent osteoarthritis at baseline were included for the longitudinal analysis (N = 1126). 25 of the 33 incident OA cases were classified as knee OA.