Table 3.

Cross-sectional association of foot and knee problems with functional limitations, adjusting for age, sex, and BMI.

Measure	Slow walking speed		Mobility limitation		ADL limitation		Recurrent falls
	OR (95% CI)	P	OR (95% CI)	P	OR (95% CI)	P	OR (95% CI)	P
Foot posture
MAI (per SD increase)	1.21 (0.90, 1.62)	0.19	0.96 (0.82, 1.12)	0.63	0.87 (0.60, 1.24)	0.47	0.95 (0.71, 1.24)	0.71
Cavus (vs. normal)	0.41 (0.10, 1.20)	0.59	0.80 (0.52, 1.20)	0.29	1.60 (0.64, 3.66)	0.30	0.50 (0.20, 1.05)	0.09
Planus (vs. normal)	0.82 (0.39, 1.65)	0.15	0.82 (0.56, 1.19)	0.31	1.54 (0.67, 3.40)	0.29	0.75 (0.36, 1.45)	0.42
Foot function
CPEI (per SD increase)	1.02 (0.76, 1.36)	0.87	1.04 (0.90, 1.20)	0.58	1.25 (0.91, 1.69)	0.16	1.16 (0.90, 1.48)	0.24
Pronated (vs. normal)	1.64 (0.78, 3.32)	0.10	1.23 (0.82, 1.80)	0.31	0.75 (0.22, 2.00)	0.60	0.55 (0.21, 1.22)	0.18
Supinated (vs. normal)	1.92 (0.85, 4.05)	0.17	1.24 (0.85, 1.79)	0.26	1.86 (0.86, 3.81)	0.10	1.51 (0.82, 2.69)	0.17
Hallux valgus	1.51 (0.83, 2.78)	0.18	1.13 (0.83, 1.52)	0.44	0.88 (0.43, 1.74)	0.72	1.35 (0.79, 2.26)	0.26
Foot pain	1.65 (0.90, 3.03)	0.10	2.07 (1.54, 2.77)	<0.001	1.97 (1.01, 3.86)	0.046	1.88 (1.13, 3.15)	0.015
Varus knee	2.75 (1.88, 3.48)	0.046	1.23 (0.89, 1.70)	0.21	0.61 (0.25, 1.29)	0.22	1.42 (0.81, 2.41)	0.21

CPEI, center of pressure excursion index; CI, confidence interval; MAI, modified arch index; OR, odds ratio; SD, standard deviation.