Table 4.
Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of foot and knee problems with osteoarthritis, adjusting for age, sex, and BMI.
| Measure | Prevalent OA |
Incident OAa |
Incident knee OAa |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P | HR (95% CI) | P | HR (95% CI) | P | |
| Foot posture | ||||||
| MAI (per SD increase) | 0.94 (0.77, 1.15) | 0.56 | 1.14 (0.82, 1.60) | 0.44 | 1.14 (0.77, 1.67) | 0.52 |
| Cavus (vs. normal) | 0.93 (0.50, 1.62) | 0.80 | 1.07 (0.40, 2.88) | 0.90 | 1.23 (0.40, 3.78) | 0.72 |
| Planus (vs. normal) | 0.89 (0.55, 1.42) | 0.64 | 0.77 (0.33, 1.86) | 0.57 | 0.93 (0.35, 2.46) | 0.87 |
| Foot function | ||||||
| CPEI (per SD increase) | 1.15 (0.95, 1.39) | 0.14 | 1.05 (0.75, 1.46) | 0.78 | 1.10 (0.75, 1.60) | 0.63 |
| Pronated (vs. normal) | 0.55 (0.28, 1.02) | 0.07 | 0.70 (0.24, 2.06) | 0.52 | 1.01 (0.33, 3.08) | 0.99 |
| Supinated (vs. normal) | 1.14 (0.70, 1.80) | 0.59 | 1.06 (0.45, 2.48) | 0.90 | 1.35 (0.52, 3.49) | 0.54 |
| Hallux valgus | 1.18 (0.79, 1.75) | 0.42 | 1.18 (0.58, 2.38) | 0.64 | 0.76 (0.32, 1.78) | 0.52 |
| Foot pain | 1.47 (1.00, 2.17) | 0.049 | 1.57 (0.79, 3.13) | 0.20 | 1.11 (0.50, 2.48) | 0.80 |
| Varus knee | 1.66 (1.09, 2.51) | 0.017 | 3.00 (1.48, 6.10) | 0.002 | 3.11 (1.37, 7.04) | 0.007 |
CPEI, center of pressure excursion index; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; MAI, modified arch index; OA, osteoarthritis; OR, odds ratio; SD, standard deviation.
a
Only individuals without a prevalent osteoarthritis at baseline were included for the analysis of incident OA (N = 1115).