Table 3.
Gut microbiota modulation of flaxseed oil during its health-promoting effects.
| Health-promoting effect | Experimental model | Oil dosage and treatment time | Gut microbiota modulation | Gut microbiota marker | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Immunoregulation | Normal mice | 157.8 g, 10 weeks | Phylum level: Firmicutes (−) | NA | (50) |
| Genus level: Allobaculum and Coriobacteriaceae spp. (+); Clostridi ales spp. (−) | |||||
| Regulation of lipid metabolism | High-fat diet-induced mice | 30, 60 and 90%, 8 weeks | Genus level: unclassified_Ruminococcaceae, unclassified_Lachnospiraceae, Oscillospira and Ruminococcus (+); unclassified_S24-7, Sporosarcina, Mogibacteriaceae and Clostridium (−) | Ruminococcus, Anaerotruncus, Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Dehalobacterium, and Eubacteriaceae | (51) |
| Regulation of lipid metabolism | Albas cashmere goats | 36%, 90 d | Phylum level: Actinobacteria (+) | NA | (52) |
| Genus level: Ruminococcus_2, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-014, Christensenellaceae_R-7_group, [Eubacterium]_coprostanoligenes_group, Turicibacter, Family_XIII_AD3011_group, Lactobacillus, Aeriscardovia, Bifidobacterium, Olsenella and Ureaplasma (+); unclassified_f_Peptostreptococcaceae, Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, Lachnospiraceae_NK3A20_group, Acetitomaculum, Streptococcus, [Ruminococcus]_gauvreauii_group and Mycoplasma (−) | |||||
| Regulation of lipid metabolism | Albas cashmere goats | 2.0% or 2.5%, 90 d | Phylum level: Proteobacteria and Spirochaeta (+); Firmicutes, Saccharibacteria and Verrucomicrobia (−) | Lachnospiraceae_NK3A20_group | (53) |
| Genus level: Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group and Lachnospiraceae_NK3A20_group (+) | |||||
| Hepatoprotection | Alcohol-induced liver injury in mice | 39.6 g/L, 6 weeks | Phylum level: Proteobacteria (−) | NA | (59) |
| Genus level: Parabacteroides (+) | |||||
| Anti-diabetes | Streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced rats | 10%, 5 weeks | Phylum level: Bacteroidetes (+); Firmicutes and Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio (−) | NA | (55) |
| Genus level: Alistipes (+); Blautia (−) | |||||
| Anti-diabetes | Streptozotocin-induced mice | 7.0 and 10.5%, 6 weeks | Bacteroidetes, Muribaculaceae, Streptococcaceae, Lactococcus, Streptococcus and uncultured_bacterium_f_Muribaculaceae (+) | NA | (56) |
| Anti-atherosclerosis | TMAO-induced ApoE−/− mice | 102.1 g, 12 weeks | Phylum level: Eubacterium (−) | NA | (57) |
| Genus level: Alistipes and Odoribacter (+) | |||||
| Anti-atherosclerosis | High-fat diet-induced ApoE−/− mice | 10%, 12 weeks | Phylum level: Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio (−) | NA | (58) |
| Genus level: Intestinimonas, Bilophila, Anaerotruncus, Oscillibacter, Lachnoclostridium, Enterorhabdus and Negativibacillus (−) | |||||
| Anti-aging | D-galactose-induced rats | 40 g/kg, 8 weeks | Genus level: uncultured_bacterium_f_Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005 (+); uncultured_bacterium_f_Desulfovibrionaceae, Akkermansia, Romboutsia, Prevotella_9 and [Eubacterium]_oxidoreducens_group (−) | p_Firmicutes, o_Clostridiales, c_Clostridia, f_Lachnospiraceae, s_uncultured_bacterium_f_Lachnospiracea, g_uncultured_bacterium_f_Lachnospiraceae, s_uncultured_bacterium_g_Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, s_uncultured_bacterium_g_Lactobacillus, f_Lactobacillaceae, g_Lactobacillus and o_Lactobacillales | (60) |
| Ameliorating polycystic ovary syndrome | Letrozole-induced rats | 1 mL/kg, 8 weeks | Phylum level: Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio (−) | NA | (61) |
| Genus level: Lactobacillus, Allobaculum, Butyrivibrio, Desulfovibrio, Bifidobacterium, Faecalibacterium and Parabacteroides (+); Bacteroides and Streptococcus (−) | |||||
| Improving intrauterine growth retardation | Pigs with intrauterine growth retardation | 4%, 3 weeks | Phylum level: Actinobacteria and Melainabacteria (+); Spirochaetes (−) | NA | (62) |
| Genus level: Bifidobacterium and Blautia (+) | |||||
| Anti-ulcerative colitis | Dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in rats | 400, 800 and 1,600 mg/kg BW, 6 weeks | Phylum level: Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia (+) | NA | (63) |
| Genus level: Lactobacillus, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Lachnoclostridium, Phascolarctobacterium and Prevotellaceae_UCG-001 (+); Romboutsia and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005 (−) | |||||
| Anti-hepatocellular carcinoma | Orthotopic hepatocellular carcinoma mice | NA, 30 d | Phylum level: Firmicutes (+); Proteobacteria and Actinobacteriota (−) | NA | (18) |
| Genus level: norank_f_norank_o_Clostridia UCG-014, norank_f_norank_Clostridia_vadinBB60_group and Turicibacter (+); Escherichia-shigella, Enterorhabdus and Lactococcus (−) | |||||
| Improving lipid metabolism and gut barrier homeostasis | Normal rats | 5 g/kg BW, 8 weeks | Family level: Lactobacillaceae and Ruminococcaceae (−) | NA | (54) |
| Species level: uncultured_bacterium lahnospiraceae (+); Lactobacillus (−) |