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Dynamically loaded human ex vivo model of cartilage repair. Schematic illustrating experimental workflow (A) and images (B–E) illustrating the preparation of cartilage rings via the creation of a defect in a disc of human cartilage explanted following total knee replacement surgery. Cartilage rings were then filled with hydrogel solution (F) and secured in the bioreactor by a PDMS-holder and fine needle (G) to undergo cyclic compression in an Ebers TC-3F bioreactor (H).
