Figure 6.

Dynamic interplay in immune response to albumin–TMA complex as simulated by UISS-TOX, highlighting the robust TH2 and IgE responses over a 14-day period. This figure illustrates the evolution of DCs, CD4 T-cell subpopulations (TH1, TH2, and TH17), and various immunoglobulin titers. Notably, TH2 cells and IgE titers show prominent increases, indicative of a strong allergic-type immune reaction typical of respiratory sensitizers. Concurrently, other immune responses, including TH1 and TH17 subpopulations, along with IgM, IgG, and IgA subclasses, are also present but to a lesser degree, emphasizing the nuanced and multifaceted nature of immunological responses. The simulation’s prediction aligns with the characterization of TMA as a respiratory sensitizer, underscoring the significant role of TH2 responses in this determination.