Figure 9.

Quantitative simulation of cytokine profiles over 14 days in response to keratin–DNCB complex, elucidating the immunological pathways involved in ACD as modelled by UISS-TOX3. This figure reveals significant elevations in cytokines such as IFN-gamma, TNF, and various interleukins (IL-1, IL-2, IL-12, IL-17, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23), reflecting the complex inflammatory network activated by DNCB. The heightened levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, particularly TNF and IL-17, highlight the key drivers of the ACD response, emphasizing the critical role of these cytokines in skin sensitization processes.