Table 1.
Simulation results across varying sample size, number of features, covariate effect, and correlation structure.
Exchangeable, low correlation |
Exchangeable, high correlation |
AR(1) correlation |
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PC | N | M | Q | MMR | MCM | KMR | SiMMR-D | SiMMR-PC(3) | MMR | MCM | KMR | SiMMR-D | SiMMR-PC(3) | MMR | MCM | KMR | SiMMR-D | SiMMR-PC(3) |
5 | 0.054 | 0.045 | 0.043 | 0.047 | 0.049 | 0.054 | 0.032 | 0.051 | 0.048 | 0.049 | 0.054 | 0.042 | 0.048 | 0.048 | 0.051 | |||
2 | 100 | 0.017 | 0.039 | 0.032 | 0.034 | 0.017 | 0.032 | 0.032 | 0.035 | 0.036 | 0.037 | 0.037 | 0.042 | |||||
5 | 0.034 | 0.062 | 0.053 | 0.042 | 0.014 | 0.058 | 0.051 | 0.05 | 0.032 | 0.05 | 0.048 | 0.033 | ||||||
25 | 10 | 100 | 0.007 | 0.051 | 0.044 | 0.052 | 0.005 | 0.047 | 0.041 | 0.054 | 0.05 | 0.042 | 0.041 | 0.04 | ||||
5 | 0.051 | 0.054 | 0.053 | 0.055 | 0.048 | 0.051 | 0.038 | 0.057 | 0.058 | 0.046 | 0.051 | 0.052 | 0.057 | 0.055 | 0.05 | |||
2 | 100 | 0.033 | 0.052 | 0.043 | 0.054 | 0.028 | 0.048 | 0.045 | 0.052 | 0.044 | 0.047 | 0.046 | 0.038 | |||||
5 | 0.04 | 0.039 | 0.05 | 0.045 | 0.052 | 0.04 | 0.013 | 0.053 | 0.052 | 0.046 | 0.04 | 0.029 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.06 | |||
None | 100 | 10 | 100 | 0.011 | 0.05 | 0.044 | 0.046 | 0.006 | 0.042 | 0.045 | 0.047 | 0.051 | 0.055 | 0.055 | 0.045 | |||
5 | 0.54 | 0.948 | 0.968 | 0.964 | 0.89 | 0.215 | 0.664 | 0.732 | 0.732 | 0.512 | 0.233 | 0.671 | 0.714 | 0.714 | 0.521 | |||
2 | 100 | 0.104 | 0.151 | 0.138 | 0.097 | 0.041 | 0.064 | 0.065 | 0.053 | 0.157 | 0.182 | 0.182 | 0.18 | |||||
5 | 0.328 | 0.498 | 0.475 | 0.32 | 0.086 | 0.195 | 0.194 | 0.131 | 0.21 | 0.347 | 0.349 | 0.237 | ||||||
25 | 10 | 100 | 0.019 | 0.074 | 0.061 | 0.06 | 0.005 | 0.052 | 0.053 | 0.051 | 0.084 | 0.083 | 0.084 | 0.092 | ||||
5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.953 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.997 | 0.976 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.999 | |||
2 | 100 | 0.459 | 0.554 | 0.524 | 0.326 | 0.171 | 0.23 | 0.223 | 0.154 | 0.689 | 0.764 | 0.755 | 0.743 | |||||
5 | 0.253 | 0.946 | 0.982 | 0.98 | 0.928 | 0.092 | 0.448 | 0.652 | 0.646 | 0.476 | 0.185 | 0.81 | 0.929 | 0.928 | 0.871 | |||
1 | 100 | 10 | 100 | 0.052 | 0.161 | 0.145 | 0.095 | 0.018 | 0.084 | 0.084 | 0.057 | 0.248 | 0.418 | 0.411 | 0.311 | |||
5 | 0.103 | 0.125 | 0.127 | 0.132 | 0.138 | 0.196 | 0.066 | 0.083 | 0.086 | 0.25 | 0.078 | 0.081 | 0.065 | 0.068 | 0.125 | |||
2 | 100 | 0.083 | 0.129 | 0.113 | 0.889 | 0.025 | 0.048 | 0.044 | 1 | 0.151 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.154 | |||||
5 | 0.169 | 0.168 | 0.155 | 0.363 | 0.048 | 0.078 | 0.074 | 0.951 | 0.09 | 0.114 | 0.115 | 0.106 | ||||||
25 | 10 | 100 | 0.048 | 0.183 | 0.145 | 1 | 0.009 | 0.065 | 0.065 | 1 | 0.227 | 0.787 | 0.796 | 0.517 | ||||
5 | 0.488 | 0.407 | 0.465 | 0.458 | 0.416 | 0.931 | 0.177 | 0.2 | 0.201 | 0.809 | 0.241 | 0.291 | 0.231 | 0.231 | 0.418 | |||
2 | 100 | 0.987 | 1 | 0.997 | 1 | 0.127 | 0.196 | 0.188 | 1 | 0.951 | 1 | 1 | 0.304 | |||||
5 | 0.984 | 0.892 | 0.916 | 0.898 | 0.939 | 1 | 0.43 | 0.181 | 0.183 | 1 | 0.9 | 0.409 | 0.576 | 0.568 | 0.222 | |||
25% | 100 | 10 | 100 | 0.795 | 1 | 0.999 | 1 | 0.044 | 0.188 | 0.191 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.92 | |||
5 | 0.272 | 0.303 | 0.264 | 0.279 | 0.339 | 0.749 | 0.124 | 0.118 | 0.123 | 0.838 | 0.616 | 0.125 | 0.117 | 0.117 | 0.574 | |||
2 | 100 | 0.318 | 0.503 | 0.436 | 0.999 | 0.042 | 0.071 | 0.069 | 1 | 0.393 | 0.635 | 0.632 | 0.317 | |||||
5 | 0.37 | 0.44 | 0.414 | 0.818 | 0.084 | 0.116 | 0.11 | 1 | 0.136 | 0.238 | 0.233 | 0.187 | ||||||
25 | 10 | 100 | 0.194 | 0.577 | 0.492 | 1 | 0.013 | 0.091 | 0.084 | 1 | 0.554 | 1 | 1 | 0.954 | ||||
5 | 0.989 | 0.947 | 0.957 | 0.957 | 0.917 | 1 | 0.655 | 0.652 | 0.64 | 1 | 1 | 0.583 | 0.651 | 0.651 | 0.987 | |||
2 | 100 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.475 | 0.863 | 0.836 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.542 | |||||
5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.788 | 0.81 | 0.772 | 1 | 1 | 0.959 | 1 | 1 | 0.322 | |||
50% | 100 | 10 | 100 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.174 | 0.882 | 0.857 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Rejection rates are shown across varying number of subjects (N), number of modalities (M), number of features per modality (Q), and number of principal components included in the binary covariate effect (PC). The highest power among tests within each simulation setting is bolded. MMR, multivariate multiple regression using Pillai’s trace; MCM, multiple MDMR statistics after Bonferroni correction; KMR, kernel machine regression.