Table 2.
Prevalence of OI Across Its Severity Spectrum, Stratified by Age, Gender, and Ethnicity in the PIONEER Study
| Variable | All (N = 2101) | Gender | Ethnicity | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men (n = 944) | Women (n = 1157) | Chinese (n = 1010) | Malay (n = 605) | Indian (n = 486) | ||||||||
| n | Weighted, % (95% CI) | n | Weighted, % (95% CI) | n | Weighted, % (95% CI) | n | Weighted, % (95% CI) | n | Weighted, % (95% CI) | n | Weighted, % (95% CI) | |
| Any OI | ||||||||||||
| 60–69 | 193 | 24.5 (20.9–28.4) | 124 | 32.5 (26.8–38.6) | 69 | 16.7 (12.3–21.8) | 90 | 24.8 (20.5–29.6) | 54 | 21.0 (16.3–26.4) | 49 | 26.0 (19.9–32.8) |
| 70–79 | 302 | 41.2 (36.8–45.7) | 156 | 48.3 (41.2–55.5) | 146 | 35.0 (29.5–40.8) | 147 | 40.5 (35.4–45.7) | 91 | 47.9 (40.6–55.3) | 64 | 42.1 (34.2–50.3) |
| ≥80 | 346 | 58.0 (52.2–63.6) | 155 | 59.0 (50.8–66.8) | 191 | 57.4 (49.4–65.1) | 161 | 56.7 (50.1–63.1) | 98 | 69.6 (61.1–77.2) | 87 | 63.1 (54.3–71.4) |
| p-trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Total | 841 | 34.0 (31.4–36.6) | 435 | 40.1 (36.0–44.3) | 406 | 28.6 (25.4–31.9) | 398 | 34.1 (31.1–37.2) | 243 | 32.7 (29.0–36.5) | 200 | 34.6 (30.2–39.3) |
| Hyposmia | ||||||||||||
| 60–69 | 127 | 16.2 (13.1–19.6) | 77 | 21.4 (16.5–27.0) | 50 | 11.1 (7.6–15.6) | 60 | 16.6 (12.9–20.8) | 33 | 12.6 (8.9–17.3) | 34 | 17.8 (12.7–24.1) |
| 70–79 | 185 | 24.8 (21.0–28.9) | 88 | 27.0 (21.0–33.7) | 97 | 22.9 (18.2–28.2) | 89 | 24.3 (19.9–29.0) | 54 | 28.5 (22.1–35.5) | 42 | 27.3 (20.4–35.1) |
| ≥80 | 171 | 29.1 (24.1–34.6) | 65 | 27.7 (20.8–35.6) | 106 | 30.0 (23.1–37.6) | 78 | 28.6 (22.9–34.8) | 46 | 32.0 (23.8–41.1) | 47 | 33.5 (25.8–42.0) |
| p-trend | <0.001 | 0.051 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Total | 483 | 20.5 (18.3–22.8) | 230 | 23.7 (20.2–27.5) | 253 | 17.6 (14.9–20.6) | 227 | 20.6 (18.0–23.4) | 133 | 18.5 (15.4–22.0) | 123 | 22.2 (18.3–26.5) |
| Anosmia | ||||||||||||
| 60–69 | 66 | 8.3 (6.1–11.0) | 47 | 11.1 (7.6–15.5) | 19 | 5.5 (3.0–9.2) | 30 | 8.3 (5.7–11.6) | 21 | 8.4 (5.3–12.5) | 15 | 8.2 (4.7–13.0) |
| 70–79 | 117 | 16.4 (13.2–20.0) | 68 | 21.4 (15.9–27.7) | 49 | 12.1 (8.6–16.4) | 58 | 16.2 (12.5–20.4) | 37 | 19.5 (14.1–25.9) | 22 | 14.8 (9.6–21.5) |
| ≥80 | 175 | 28.9 (24.0–34.1) | 90 | 31.3 (24.4–38.8) | 85 | 27.4 (20.9–34.8) | 83 | 28.1 (22.6–34.1) | 52 | 37.6 (29.0–46.8) | 40 | 29.6 (22.0–38.2) |
| p-trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Total | 358 | 13.5 (11.7–15.4) | 205 | 16.4 (13.5–19.5) | 153 | 11.0 (8.9–13.4) | 171 | 13.5 (11.4–15.8) | 110 | 14.1 (11.5–17.2) | 77 | 12.5 (9.6–15.8) |
Notes: CI = confidence interval; OI = olfactory impairment. Weighted prevalences were calculated with sampling weights specific to each age group, gender and ethnicity to adjust for oversampling and post-stratification weights to align to the population distribution based on the 2020 Singapore Census.