Table 5.
Associations Between OI and Economic Outcomes Using 2-Parts Model
| Cost outcome | Exposure | First part | Second part | Overall marginal effect (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p Value | Cost ratio(95% CI) | p Value | |||
| Healthcare cost | No OI | Reference | NA | Reference | NA | |
| Hyposmia | 0.86 (0.64 to 1.15) | 0.309 | 1.77 (1.03 to 3.15) | 0.03 | 195.99 (−63.51 to 455.49) | |
| Anosmia | 0.57 (0.39 to 0.83) | 0.004 | 0.89 (0.43 to 2.03) | 0.757 | −123.44 (−289.76 to 42.88) | |
| Productivity costa | No OI | Reference | NA | Reference | NA | |
| Hyposmia | 0.73 (0.42 to 1.29) | 0.283 | 1.01 (0.77 to 1.33) | 0.964 | −491.19 (−2128.58 to 1146.19) | |
| Anosmia | 1.26 (0.58 to 2.84) | 0.563 | 0.72 (0.51 to 1.02) | 0.055 | −1232.90 (−2983.05 to 517.26) | |
Notes: CI = confidence interval; NA = not applicable; OI = olfactory impairment; OR = odds ratio. ORs are from logistic regression models and cost ratios are exponentiated coefficients from gamma generalized linear models with a log-link function for healthcare/productivity cost, respectively. All models are adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, body mass index, low socioeconomic status, smoking status, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, asthma, hypertension, and dyslipidemia.
aAnalyzed among subjects who are employed.