Table 1.
Baseline clinical characteristics of the study sample
| Positive LGE (n = 160) |
Negative LGE (n = 163) | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age (years) | 54 ± 16 | 55 ± 18 | 0.50 | |
| Female | 56 (35) | 75 (46) | 0.06 | |
| Race/Ethnicity | 0.34 | |||
| European ancestry | 79 (49) | 92 (57) | ||
| African American | 21 (13) | 23 (14) | ||
| Asian | 5 (3) | 2 (1) | ||
| Native American | 2 (1) | 4 (3) | ||
| Unidentified | 53 (33) | 41 (25) | ||
| Height (cm) | 170 ± 10 | 170 ± 12 | 0.51 | |
| Weight (kg) | 82 ± 19 | 83 ± 18 | 0.46 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28 ± 6 | 29 ± 5 | 0.20 | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 127 ± 18 | 130 ± 21 | 0.12 | |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 72 ± 11 | 73 ± 11 | 0.42 | |
| Past medical history | ||||
| NYHA functional class ≥ 3 | 29 (18) | 28 (17) | 0.94 | |
| Hypertension | 72 (45) | 74 (45) | > 0.99 | |
| Prior AF | 34 (21) | 22 (14) | 0.09 | |
| Prior sustained VT/VF | 2 (1) | 0 (0) | 0.47 | |
| Prior NSVT | 26 (17) | 19 (12) | 0.27 | |
| Prior syncope | 28 (18) | 30 (19) | 0.95 | |
| Family history | ||||
| Family history of SCD | 20 (13) | 24 (15) | 0.67 | |
| Family history of HCM | 38 (24) | 23 (14) | 0.04 | |
| Medications | ||||
| β-blocker | 98 (62) | 93 (57) | 0.47 | |
| Non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker | 32 (20) | 28 (17) | 0.61 | |
| Loop diuretic | 14 (9) | 16 (10) | 0.89 | |
| Aspirin | 53 (33) | 42 (26) | 0.17 | |
| Anticoagulation | 26 (16) | 15 (9) | 0.08 | |
| Thiazide | 10 (6) | 21 (13) | 0.07 | |
| ACE inhibitor | 19 (12) | 10 (6) | 0.11 | |
| ARB | 13 (8) | 28 (17) | 0.02 | |
| Potassium spearing diuretic | 6 (4) | 4 (3) | 0.73 | |
| Clonidine | 0 (0) | 6 (4) | 0.04 | |
| Statin | 64 (40) | 57 (35) | 0.41 | |
| Digoxin | 2 (1) | 1 (1) | 0.98 | |
| Disopyramide | 10 (6) | 1 (1) | 0.01 | |
| Amiodarone | 5 (3) | 2 (1) | 0.43 | |
| Genetic testing (n = 155) | n = 84 | n = 71 | ||
| Pathogenic or likely pathogenic | 37 (45) | 21 (30) | 0.08 | |
| Echocardiographic characteristics | ||||
| LVDd (mm) | 45 ± 6 | 43 ± 6 | 0.003 | |
| LVDs (mm) | 27 ± 7 | 26 ± 6 | 0.29 | |
| Maximum wall thickness (mm) | 18 ± 5 | 16 ± 5 | 0.002 | |
| IVST (mm) | 18 ± 5 | 16 ± 5 | 0.001 | |
| LVPWT (mm) | 12 ± 3 | 12 ± 3 | 0.90 | |
| Left atrial diameter (mm) | 44 ± 7 | 42 ± 6 | 0.02 | |
| LV ejection fraction | 64 ± 10 | 67 ± 5 | 0.002 | |
| LV ejection fraction < 50% | 12 (8) | 1 (1) | 0.004 | |
| LV outflow tract gradient at rest (mmHg) | 0 [0–28] | 23 [0–55] | < 0.001 | |
| LV outflow tract gradient with Valsalva (mmHg) | 33 [0–54] | 38 [0–77] | 0.57 | |
| Mitral valve SAM | 59 (40) | 73 (49) | 0.33 | |
| Degree of mitral regurgitation* | 2.0 [1.0–2.5] | 2.0 [1.0–2.5] | 0.92 | |
| CMR characteristics | ||||
| LV mass (g) | 202 ± 64 | 180 ± 78 | 0.09 | |
| LV end-diastolic volume (mL) | 153 ± 39 | 148 ± 38 | 0.26 | |
| LV end-systolic volume (mL) | 61 ± 27 | 53 ± 20 | 0.004 | |
| Stroke volume (mL) | 92 ± 26 | 94 ± 23 | 0.60 |
Data are given as n (%), mean ± SD, or median [25th − 75th percentile]
*Degree of mitral regurgitation was converted to numerical values according to the following rule: none = 0, trace = 1, trace to mild = 1.5, mild = 2, mild to moderate = 2.5, moderate = 3, moderate to severe = 3.5, severe = 4
ACE, angiotensin-converting-enzyme; AF, atrial fibrillation; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; ASA, alcohol septal ablation; BMI, body mass index; CMR, cardiac magnetic resonance; HCM, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; IVST, interventricular septum thickness; LGE, late gadolinium enhancement; LVDd, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVDs, left ventricular end-systolic diameter; LV, left ventricle; LVPWT, left ventricular posterior wall thickness; NSVT, non-sustained ventricular tachycardia; NYHA, New York Heart Association; SAM, systolic anterior motion; VT/VF, ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation