TABLE 2.
Brief Problem Monitor (BPM) and PROMIS standardized estimated marginal means (EMM) standard errors and comparisons between measurement points.
| Cohort | 0 (a) | 1 (b) | 2 (c) | 3 (d) | 4 (e) | 5 (f) | 6 (g) | 7 (h) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre‐pandemic | Apr 2020 | Nov 2020 | Apr 2021 | Nov 2021 | Apr 2022 | Nov 2022 | Apr 2023 | ||
| NTR | N | 13,345 | 1296 | 220 | 297 | 372 | 376 | 329 | – |
| BPM internalizing | 0 (0.02)bd‐g | 0.32 (0.04)ac‐g | 0.09 (0.09)bd‐g | 0.61 (0.08)abc | 0.57 (0.07)abc | 0.5 (0.07)abc | 0.52 (0.07)abc | – | |
| BPM externalizing | 0.07 (0.02)df | 0.1 (0.04) | −0.07 (0.08)def | 0.26 (0.08)ac | 0.2 (0.07)c | 0.21 (0.07)ac | 0.13 (0.07) | – | |
| DREAMS | N | – | 431 | 675 | 538 | 488 | 355 | 338 | 294 |
| BPM internalizing | – | 2.84 (0.13)defh | 2.96 (0.12)defh | 3.27 (0.12)bc | 3.31 (0.13)bc | 3.3 (0.14)bc | 3.1 (0.15)h | 3.54 (0.16)bcg | |
| BPM externalizing | – | 1.32 (0.09) | 1.43 (0.08)g | 1.51 (0.09)g | 1.48 (0.09)g | 1.51 (0.1)g | 1.16 (0.11)c‐fh | 1.47 (0.12)g | |
| KLIK | N | 527–1082* | 467–482 | 408–423 | 383–387 | 335–345 | 448–455 | 474–485 | 551–577 |
| Anxiety † , § | −0.01 (0.03)b‐h | 0.66 (0.05)af | 0.64 (0.05)af | 0.59 (0.05)a | 0.70 (0.05)af | 0.49 (0.05)abce | 0.58 (0.05)a | 0.59 (0.04)a | |
| Depressive symptoms † , § | 0.00 (0.03)b‐h | 0.44 (0.05)af | 0.42 (0.05)ae | 0.44 (0.05)af | 0.57 (0.05)acfgh | 0.29 (0.05)abde | 0.39 (0.05)ae | 0.4 (0.04)ae | |
| Sleep‐related impairments † | −0.06 (0.05)b‐h | 0.27 (0.05)a | 0.29 (0.07)a | 0.26 (0.06)a | 0.36 (0.06)af | 0.16 (0.06)aeh | 0.28 (0.05)a | 0.36 (0.05)af | |
| Anger † | −0.01 (0.04)b‐h | 0.29 (0.05)af | 0.26 (0.06)af | 0.24 (0.05)af | 0.35 (0.05)afg | 0.09 (0.05)bcdeh | 0.18 (0.05)ae | 0.26 (0.05)af | |
| Global health ‡ | −0.02 (0.04)cdegh | −0.24 (0.05)dh | −0.36 (0.06)a | −0.40 (0.05)abf | −0.36 (0.05)a | −0.24 (0.05)dh | −0.32 (0.05)a | −0.36 (0.04)abf | |
| Peer relations ‡ | 0.02 (0.05)bdeg | −0.29 (0.05)ac‐fh | −0.12 (0.07)b | −0.11 (0.05)abf | −0.15 (0.06)abf | 0.02 (0.05)bdeg | −0.17 (0.05)af | −0.07 (0.05)b | |
| DREAMS | N | – | 260–276 | 493–515 | 305–320 | 258–274 | 216–224 | 181–191 | 153–168 |
| Anxiety † | – | 0.86 (0.07)c‐h | 1.1 (0.06)be | 1.12 (0.07)be | 1.29 (0.07)bcdg | 1.16 (0.08)b | 1.05 (0.08)be | 1.17 (0.09)b | |
| Depressive symptoms † | – | 0.77 (0.07)c‐h | 0.98 (0.06)b | 1.06 (0.07)b | 1.06 (0.07)b | 1.13 (0.08)b | 0.98 (0.09)b | 1.06 (0.09)b | |
| Sleep‐related impairments † | – | 0.64 (0.07)c‐h | 0.81 (0.06)b | 0.82 (0.07)b | 0.87 (0.07)b | 0.92 (0.08)b | 0.84 (0.08)b | 0.86 (0.09)b | |
| Anger † | – | 0.64 (0.06)c‐g | 0.82 (0.06)b | 0.87 (0.06)b | 0.87 (0.06)b | 0.89 (0.07)b | 0.82 (0.08)b | 0.79 (0.08) | |
| Global health ‡ | – | −0.65 (0.06)d‐h | −0.76 (0.05)defh | −0.97 (0.06)bc | −0.91 (0.06)bc | −0.94 (0.07)bc | −0.86 (0.07)b | −1.00 (0.08)bc | |
| Peer relations ‡ | – | −0.42 (0.07) | −0.35 (0.06)dh | −0.53 (0.06)c | −0.45 (0.07) | −0.5 (0.07) | −0.46 (0.08) | −0.58 (0.08)c |
Note: a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h represent significant differences at p < 0.05 between measurements using Least Significant Differences post‐hoc tests. for example, superscript b in column (d) indicates a significant post‐hoc difference between columns (b) and (d) for a variable.
*
Sample sizes vary because data from different domains comes from different norm studies.
†
Higher scores indicate more symptoms.
‡
Higher scores indicate better functioning.
§
Analyses are not controlled for birth country of parents and educational level parents due to missing data.