TABLE 4.

Summary of demographic characteristics as well as wound aetiology, wound acuity, structures in wound base, anatomical location, area of wound, follow up periods for all included studies and outcomes analysed.

Study and year	Mean/median Age/Range (yrs)	Patients (n)	Male/Female (n)	Wounds (n)	Wound aetiology (n)	Acute/Chronic	Wound base (n)	Wound location (n)	Average Surface area of BTM cm2/%TBSA	Follow up period (months)	Outcomes
Wagstaff et al., April 2015, 16	62.2 (mean)	10	Not reported	10	Alt flap–3	10:0	Not reported	Upper limb–4	Not reported	12 months	Integration (91.0%)
					Fibular osseous flap–3 radial/ulnar forearm flap–4			Lower limb–6
	(46–76)
											Integration time (29.5 days)
											SSG take (90.5%)
											Infection rate (40.0%)
Wagstaff et al., June 2015, 27	58.5 (mean)	10	Not reported	10	Fibular osseous flap–2	10:0	Not reported	Upper limb–7	Not reported	2.9–14.1 months	Integration (100%)
								Lower limb–2
					Radial forearm flap–7
	(48–68)										Integration time (35.4 days)
											SSG take (100%)
											Infection rate (4.5%)
Greenwood et al., 2017 1	42.2 (mean)	5	5 males	5	Burns–5	5:0	Extensive wound with burn eschar excision	Axilla–1	23%	12 months	Integration (89.8%)
								Upper limb–5
	(18–70)
								Trunk–3			Integration time (33.2 days)
								Lower limb–3
											SSG take (98.4%)
											Infection rate (40.0%)
Wagstaff et al., 2019, 4	51.6 (mean)	7	4 males	7	Post‐debridement of necrotising fasciitis–7	7:0	Gland–1	Neck–2	8.57%	1–20 months (range)	Integration (98.1%)
			3 females				Muscle–1	Chest–2
							Blood vessels–2	Lower limb–3			Integration time (34.0 days)
							Exposed bone denuded of periosteum–2
											SSG take (100%)
							Exposed joints–1
											Infection rate (6.2%)
Solanki et al., 2020 11	50 (median)	25	19 males	25	Acute full thickness burn–3	20:5	Exposed bone–8 exposed tendon–11 wound temporalisation with SSG–3 Desirable/aesthetic reconstruction–5	Head–2	Not reported	3 months (median)	Integration time (37.8 days)
			6 females					Neck–2
	(15–86)				Burn scar/contracture release–5			Upper limb–9
								Trunk–3
								Lower limb–9		1–7 months (range)	Infection rate (20.0%)
					Necrotising soft tissue infection–7
					Tumour excision–3
					Traumatic loss–7
Li et al., 2021, 5	73.7 (mean) (47–95)	27	19 males	35	Pressure ulcer–2	16:11	Muscle–10	Head and neck–12	Not reported	3–18 months (range)	Integration (96.9%)
			8 females
					Failed SSG–5		Bone–7	Breast–1
					Wound breakdown–4		Tendon–10	Upper limb–7			Integration time (35.4 days)
							Fat–7	Abdomen–1
					Surgical wounds–12		Paratenon–2	Lower limb–14
					Trauma–4		Perichondrium–3
							Periosteum–2				SSG take (87.9%)
											Infection rate (1.4%)
Lo et al., 2021, 2	45.2 (mean) (18–70)	26	22 males 4 females	100	Burn–26	26:0	Not reported	Chest–23	2137.8 cm2	12 months	Integration (88.6%)
								Abdomen–13
								Back–2			Integration time (31.9 days)
								Upper limb–34
								Lower limb–28
											SSG take (81.9%)
											Infection rate (38.5%)
Kuang et al., 2022, 19	56 (median) (31–86)	18	16 males 2 females	18	Debridement–9 Amputation–8 Ulcer–1	17:1	Granulation tissue–12 Bone–3 Fascia/peroneal retinaculum/plantar fascia–3	Foot–18	Not reported	3–18 months (range)	Intergration time (38.8 days)
											Infection rate (7.1%)
Schlottmann et al., 2022, 7	50.8 (median) (15–82)	20	12 males 8 females	27	Pressure ulcer–2 Neurofibromatosis–1 Necrotising fasciitis–1 Burn–7 Chronic ulcer–2 Malignancy resection–2 Unstable scar–2 Full thickness soft tissue defect–3	14:6	Not reported	Head–3	Not reported	Not reported
								Neck–2
								Upper limb–6
								Trunk–4
								Lower limb–11
								Genital–1
Wu et al., April 2022, 20	48.2 (mean) (18–93)	51	33 males	51	Burn–7	Not categorised	Not reported	Head and neck–5	110 cm2	6.4 months (median)	Infection rate (17.6%)
			18 females		Trauma–24
					Surgical wound/pressure ulcer–10			Upper limb–24
								Trunk–1
					Osteomyelitis–2			Lower limb–21
					Compartment syndrome–2
					Skin Malignancy–2
					Others–4
Wu et al., July 2022, 28	66 (mean)	5	3 males	5	Burn–2	Not categorised	Not reported	Head and neck–5	213 cm2	15.3 (median) Range: 3.8–26.8	Infection rate (20.0%)
			2 females		Trauma–1
					Surgical wound or pressure ulcer–1
					Skin Malignancy–1
Austin et al., 2023, 18	46.6 (mean)	28	16 males	79	Burns–20	23:5	Not reported	Not reported	1227 cm2	Not reported	Integration time (31.6 days)
			12 females		Complex wound–5
					Trauma–3
											Infection rate (3.8%)
Cereceda‐monteoliva et al., 2023, 12	60 (mean) (5–91)	38	26 males	40	Skin cancer–19	35:3	Exposed tendon–14	Scalp–6	1.29%	3.4 months (mean)	Infection rate (13.2%)
			12 females		Burns–12		Exposed bone–8	Face–2
					Scar revision–3		Exposed tendon and bone–10 exposed tendon and bone plus failed SSG–2	Upper limb–8
					Infection–3			Trunk–2
								Lower limb–22 (including 1 perineal burn)
					Trauma–3
							Failed skin graft–2
							Pressure area–2
							Delayed wound healing–1
							Overlying umbilicus–1
Concannon et al., 2023, 10	55 (mean) (17–94)	55	41 males	70	Burns–15 Trauma–19 Infection–10 Ischaemic–7 Oncological defect reconstruction–4	55:0	Exposed bone devoid of periosteum–42 Exposed tendon–21 Bone and tendon–7	Scalp–8 Neck–2 Upper limb–11 Trunk–5 Lower limb–31	Not reported	18 months (mean) 3–72 months (range)	Integration time (46.2 days)
			14 females
											Infection rate (12.7%)
Tapking et al., Feb 2024, 44	54.2 (mean)	300	199 males	300	Burns–179 Trauma–59 Chronic wound–39 Infection–14 Malignancy–6 Not mentioned–3	39:261	Subcutis–144 Tendon–42 Joint capsule–46 Bone–29 Not mentioned–49	Head and neck–8 Trunk–47 Upper limb–70 Lower limb–141 Not mentioned–34	4.1	Not reported	Integration (82.7%)
			101 females
											Integration time (32 days)
											SSG take (86%)
Struble et al., 2024, 25	16.9 (mean) (0.3–81.4)	54	28 males	86	Trauma–31 Infection–16 Malignancy–10 Burns–9 Flap donor site–8 Chronic wound–6 Vasopressor necrosis–4 Flap loss–4 Fasciotomy site–1	80:6	Muscle–41 Tendon–33 Bone–19 Joints–11 Nerve–7 Blood vessel–6	Upper limb–45	60 cm2	Not reported	Integration (88.6%)
			23 females
								Lower limb–41
			3 transgender (FtM)								Integration time (27.7 days)
											SSG take (92.1%)
											Infection rate (4.7%)
Parker et al., 2023, 43	57 (mean) (19–89)	23	14 male	24	Infection–8	21:3	Muscle–8	Lower limb–10	<1%	Not reported	Integration (95.2%)
			9 female		Malignancy–6		Bone–5	Head and neck–6
					Burns–4		Fascia–5				Integration time (44.2 days)
								Torso–3
					Chronic wound–3		Tendon–4	Groin/genitals–3 Upper limb–1
					Free flap failure–2		Testicle–3
					Surgical wound dehiscence–1						SSG take (86.1%)
							Fat and cartilage–1
											Infection rate (8.3%)
Meagher et al., 2024, 6	(30–95)	22	16 male	22	Peripheral vascular disease–5	18:4	Not reported	Lower limb–21	Not reported	Not reported	None
			6 female
								Chest–1=
					Necrotising fasciitis–4
					Pressure ulcers–4
					Haematoma–3
					Crush–2
					Malignancy–1
					Vasculitis–1
Lo et al., 2023, 29	49.1 (mean)	15	13 male	16	Burns–13	15:1	Subcutaneous fat–25	Upper limb–11	25.2%	56	None
			2 female		Necrotising fasciitis–2
							Fascia–11	Lower limb–17
							Bone–2
					Secondary burn reconstruction–1		Mixed wound bed–1	Trunk–4
								Head and neck–1
								Multiple area–6
Kidd et al., 2023, 24	52 (mean) (14–93)	37	24 male	37	Trauma–19	28:9	Muscle–17	Lower limb–21	1% (0.5%–15%)	Not reported	Integration time (53 days)
			13 female		Chrnoic wounds–9		Tendon–12	Upper limb–7
					Infection–6		Bone–6	Torso–6			Infection rate (18.9%)
					Malignancy–3			Head and neck–3
Jou et al., 2024, 45	44.3 (mean) (13–97)	51	39 male	51	Trauma–30	51:0	Tendon–27	Upper limb–51	162.5 cm2	2–40	Integration time (51.7 days)
			12 female		Burns–12		Bone–24
					Infection–8
					Iatrogenic–1						Infection rate (9.8%)
Heard et al., 2023, 26	24.1 (mean) (10–41)	10	7 male	10	Burns–10	10:0	Not reported	Massive burns (mean 80.8% TBSA)	Not reported	Not reported	Integration time (83.2 days)
			3 female
											Infection rate (40.0%)
Guerriero et al., 2023, 23	67.3 (mean)	22	19 male	23	Diabetic foot wounds–22	22:0	Not reported	Foot–22	Not reported	5 months	Infection rate (13.0%)
			3 female
Fuest et al., 2023, 46	51 (mean) (12–77)	27	16 male	27	Trauma–20	27:0	Not reported	Hand–27	Not reported	Not reported	Integration time (43.6 days)
			11 female		Infection–4
					Malignancy–1
					Dupuyten's–1						SSG take (96%)
					Dermatomyositis–1
Devine et al., 2024, 22	70 (mean)	12	8 male	12	Malignancy–12	12:0	Not reported	Head and neck–8	Not reported	Not reported	Integration time (49 days)
			4 female
								Lower limb–3			SSG take (70.0%)
								Genirourinary–1			Infection rate (25%)
Chen et al., 2024, 21	51.8 (mean)	37	22 male	37	Trauma–25	37:0	Not reported	Lower limb–19	50.6 cm2	7.0 months	Integration time (36.9 days)
			15 female		Necrotising fasciitis–6			Foot–10
	(18–86)							Hand–4
					Burn–4
					Other–2			Upper limb–3			Infection rate (2.7%)
								Trunk–1

Abbreviation: BTM, biodegradable temporising matrix; SSG, split thickness skin graft: TBSA, total body surface area.