Table 3. VB-MAPP change in difference scores between the control (ABA) and experimental (ABA + HBOT) groups.

Cohen's d: Small effect size = 0.20; Medium effect size = 0.50; Large effect size = 0.80 or higher

ABA: Applied Behavior Analysis; HBOT: Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy; VB-MAPP: Verbal Behavior Milestones Assessment and Placement Program

Scale	Time	HBOT mean (SD), n = 24	Non-HBOT mean (SD), n = 13	Mean difference	95% CI	SE	Effect size (Cohen's d)	95% CI	p-value
Mand	Pretest	2.41 (3.34)	2.96 (2.85)
	Posttest	6.43 (4.00)	4.33 (2.82)
	Difference	4.02 (2.37)	1.38 (0.83)	2.65	1.53, 3.77	0.55	-1.33	-2.09, -0.553	<0.0001
Tact	Pretest	2.24 (3.02)	3.00 (2.88)
	Posttest	6.50 (4.11)	4.17 (3.03)
	Difference	4.26 (2.96)	1.17 (1.05)	3.09	1.69, 4.50	0.69	-1.24	-1.99, -0.474	<0.0001
Listener responding (LR)	Pretest	3.20 (3.10)	3.92 (3.64)
	Posttest	7.50 (4.03)	5.71 (3.31)
	Difference	4.30 (2.42)	1.79 (1.41)	2.51	0.96, 4.06	0.76	-1.18	-1.92, -0.416	0.0023
Visual perceptual skills and matching-to-sample (VP-MTS)	Pretest	4.57 (2.77)	5.38 (3.49)
	Posttest	7.98 (3.65)	6.79 (3.12)
	Difference	3.41 (1.86)	1.42 (1.13)	2	0.80, 3.19	0.59	-1.21	-1.96, -0.444	0.0018
Independent play	Pretest	4.22 (3.92)	5.63 (2.82)
	Posttest	8.26 (4.10)	6.96 (2.56)
	Difference	4.04 (2.75)	1.33 (1.37)	2.71	1.29, 4.13	0.70	-1.14	-1.88, -0.382	0.0005
Social play	Pretest	2.22 (2.27)	2.88 (2.14)
	Posttest	6.22 (2.68)	4.50 (2.29)
	Difference	4.00 (1.97)	1.63 (1.19)	2.38	1.11, 3.64	0.62	-1.36	-2.12, -0.581	0.0006
Motor imitation	Pretest	1.93 (2.44)	2.29 (2.21)
	Posttest	6.24 (2.93)	4.00 (2.44)
	Difference	4.30 (2.44)	1.71 (1.27)	2.6	1.32, 3.87	0.63	-1.22	-1.97, -0.458	0.0002
Echoic	Pretest	1.65 (2.34)	4.08 (4.25)
	Posttest	5.98 (3.40)	4.29 (4.16)
	Difference	4.33 (3.04)	0.21 (0.33)	4.12	2.79, 5.45	0.64	-1.65	-2.46, -0.840	<0.0001
Spontaneous vocalization	Pretest	1.93 (1.73)	2.42 (1.74)
	Posttest	4.96 (2.50)	3.13 (1.57)
	Difference	3.02 (2.28)	0.71 (0.78)	2.31	1.24, 3.39	0.53	-1.21	-1.96, 0.445	0.0001
Listener responding by function, feature, and class (LRFFC)	Pretest	0.57 (1.23)	0.67 (2.02)
	Posttest	3.28 (2.71)	1.13 (2.07)
	Difference	2.72 (2.13)	0.46 (0.94)	2.26	1.20, 3.32	0.52	-1.24	-1.99, 0.475	0.0001
Intraverbal	Pretest	0.35 (0.83)	0.58 (1.29)
	Posttest	2.72 (2.40)	1.46 (1.66)
	Difference	2.37 (1.86)	0.88 (0.93)	1.49	0.53, 2.46	0.47	-0.928	-1.63, 0.189	0.0033
Group behavior	Pretest	0.89 (1.87)	2.13 (2.25)
	Posttest	4.67 (2.29)	3.25 (1.75)
	Difference	3.78 (1.92)	1.13 (1.32)	2.66	1.39, 3.92	0.62	-1.52	-2.30, 0.726	0.0002
Linguistic structure	Pretest	0.74 (1.57)	1.00 (1.71)
	Posttest	2.59 (2.64)	1.63 (2.43)
	Difference	1.85 (1.91)	0.63 (0.91)	1.22	0.25, 2.19	0.48	-0.743	-1.46, 0.018	0.0151
Total score	Pretest	26.91 (27.06)	36.92 (27.48)
	Posttest	73.33 (35.19)	51.33 (26.04)
	Difference	46.41 (20.14)	14.42 (6.99)	32	22.44, 41.51	4.66	-1.23	-1.91, 0.548	<0.0001