Figure 5.

Neuroinflammatory, antioxidative, and neuroprotective effects of LM compounds on MPP⁺-treated BE(2)-M17 cells. Cells were treated as Figure 4 described. (A) Neuroinflammatory NLRP1, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, (B) antioxidative NRF2, NQO1, GCLC, and PGC-1α, and (C) neuroprotective CREB, BDNF, and BCL2, and pro-apoptotic BAX were examined (n = 3). GAPDH was included as a loading control. To normalize, the relative protein levels in MPP⁺-untreated cells were set at 100%. p-values: comparisons between MPP⁺-untreated and treated cells (^#p < 0.05, ^##p < 0.01, ^###p < 0.001), or with and without compound addition (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001).