Table 1.
Biological characteristics and genetic summary statistics for seven European tree species
| Species | Biological characteristics | Hybridization with | Min. flowering age (years) | Max. age known (years) | FST | π4 (per bp) | IBD (slope, 10−3) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Betula pendula (Silver birch) |
• deciduous • temperate to boreal • wind pollination • wind seed dispersal • large and continuous range |
B. platyphylla B. pubescens |
10–25 | 90–150 | 0.03a | 0.0036 | 4 |
|
Fagus sylvatica (European beech) |
• deciduous • temperate • wind pollination • animal seed dispersal • large and continuous range |
F. orientalis | 40–50 | 150–300 | 0.05a | 0.0050 | 15 |
|
Populus nigra (Black poplar) |
• deciduous • Mediterranean to temperate • wind pollination • water and wind seed dispersal • vegetative and sexual reproduction • intermediate and discontinuous range (riparian) |
P. nigra ‘Italica’ P. deltoides P. trichocarpa P. maximowiczii Populus sp. hybrid cultivars |
4–10 | 100–400 | 0.16a | 0.0032 | 125 |
|
Quercus petraea (Sessile oak) |
• deciduous • temperate • wind pollination • animal seed dispersal • large and continuous range |
Q. robur Q. pubescens Q. pyrenaica |
40–100 | >1000 | 0.04a | 0.0072 | 9 |
|
Picea abies (Norway spruce) |
• conifer • temperate to boreal • wind pollination • wind seed dispersal • large and discontinuous range |
P. obovata | 20–40 | 200–300 | 0.06a | 0.0048 | 33 |
|
Pinus pinaster (Maritime pine) |
• conifer • Mediterranean • wind pollination • wind seed dispersal • limited and discontinuous range |
6–20 | 120–250 | 0.13a | 0.0027 | 59 | |
|
Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine) |
• conifer • temperate to boreal • wind pollination • wind seed dispersal • large and continuous range |
P. mugo P. uliginosa |
15–30 | 400–750 | 0.01a | 0.0039 | 3 |
Age information was retrieved from the European atlas of tree species https://forest.jrc.ec.europa.eu/en/european-atlas/ and the European forest genetic resources program (EUFORGEN).
Notes: mean pairwise genetic differentiation (FST).
aone-sided p-value for among population variation based on AMOVA was 0.01 for all species; pairwise nucleotide diversity per site at four-fold sites (π4); Isolation by distance (IBD) is represented by the slope of the regression of FST /(1- FST) over the logarithm of the distance (km) between pairs of populations.