Table 3. Association between maturity and SGA/IUGR combinations and different outcomes.
| Ref | Outcomes | Population | Exposures | Reference | Effect size (CI), direction of association | ||||||
| PTSGA | PTAGA | TIUGR | TSGA | TLBW | TAGA | TNBW | T | ||||
| 48 | Neonatal mortality | ≤28 days | <34 | X | OR=56.97 (11.1 to 291.7) | ||||||
| 48 | Neonatal mortality | ≤28 days | <34 | X | OR=74.9 (32.6 to 171.7) | ||||||
| 48 | Neonatal mortality | ≤28 days | 34–36 | X | OR=19.88 (8.3 to 47.5) | ||||||
| 48 | Neonatal mortality | ≤28 days | 34–36 | X | OR=3.18 (1.0 to 10.7) | ||||||
| 48 | Neonatal mortality | ≤28 days | X | X | OR=2.23 (1.2 to 4.10) | ||||||
| 46 | Neonatal mortality | <28 days | X | X | RR=15.42 (9.11 to 26.1) | ||||||
| 46 | Neonatal mortality | <28 days | X | X | RR=8.05 (3.88 to 16.72) | ||||||
| 46 | Neonatal mortality | <28 days | X | X | RR=2.44 (1.67 to 3.57) | ||||||
| 46 | Early neonatal mortality | <7 days | X | X | RR=17.19 (9.57 to 30.91) | ||||||
| 46 | Early neonatal mortality | <7 days | X | X | RR=7.59 (3.38 to 17.08) | ||||||
| 46 | Early neonatal mortality | <7 days | X | X | RR=2.76 (1.82 to 4.18) | ||||||
| 46 | Late neonatal mortality | 8–28 days | X | X | RR=17.37 (10.27 to 29.37) | ||||||
| 46 | Late neonatal mortality | 8–28 days | X | X | RR=5.60 (2.75 to 11.43) | ||||||
| 46 | Late neonatal mortality | 8–28 days | X | X | RR=2.45 (1.7 to 3.51) | ||||||
| 46 | Postneonatal mortality | 29–365 days | X | X | RR=5.22 (2.8 to 9.64) | ||||||
| 46 | Postneonatal mortality | 29–365 days | X | X | RR=2.72 (1.5 to 4.79) | ||||||
| 46 | Postneonatal mortality | 29–365 days | X | X | RR=1.98 (1.39 to 2.81) | ||||||
| 46 | Infant mortality | <365 days | X | X | RR=9.24 (4.33 to 19.71) | ||||||
| 46 | Infant mortality | <365 days | X | X | RR=5.30 (2.39 to 11.76) | ||||||
| 46 | Infant mortality | <365 days | X | X | RR=2.28 (1.52 to 3.41) | ||||||
| 160 | Wasting | 12–60 months | X | X | aOR=4.19 (2.90 to 6.05) | ||||||
| 160 | Wasting | 12–60 months | X | X | aOR=1.96 (1.46 to 2.63) | ||||||
| 160 | Wasting | 12–60 months | X | X | aOR=2.52 (2.27 to 2.80) | ||||||
| 160 | Stunting | 12–60 months | X | X | aOR=4.51 (3.42 to 5.93) | ||||||
| 160 | Stunting | 12–60 months | X | X | aOR=1.93 (1.71 to 2.18) | ||||||
| 160 | Stunting | 12–60 months | X | X | aOR=2.43 (2.22 to 2.66) | ||||||
| 160 | Undernutrition | 12–60 months | X | X | aOR=5.35 (4.39 to 6.53) | ||||||
| 160 | Undernutrition | 12–60 months | X | X | aOR=2.07 (1.76 to 2.44) | ||||||
| 160 | Undernutrition | 12–60 months | X | X | aOR=3.17 (2.78 to 3.62) | ||||||
| 174 | Motor | <7 years | X | X | aSMD=−0.15 (−0.40 to 0.09) | ||||||
| 174 | Motor | <7 years | X | X | aSMD=−0.23 (−0.42 to –0.03) | ||||||
| 174 | Motor | <7 years | X | X | aSMD=−0.007 (−0.08 to 0.06) | ||||||
| 174 | Cognitive | <7 years | X | X | aSMD=−0.17 (−0.29 to –0.05) | ||||||
| 174 | Cognitive | <7 years | X | X | aSMD=−0.14 (−0.24 to –0.05) | ||||||
| 174 | Cognitive | <7 years | X | X | aSMD=−0.02 (−0.10 to 0.06) | ||||||
| 174 | Language | <7 years | X | X | aSMD=−0.02 (−0.23 to 0.19) | ||||||
| 174 | Language | <7 years | X | X | aSMD=−0.03 (−0.12 to 0.06) | ||||||
| 172 | Cerebral palsy | Neonates | X | X | OR=2.34 (1.43 to 3.82) | ||||||
| 42 | Neonatal mortality | Neonates | X | X | OR=4.11 (3.70 to 4.56) | ||||||
| 42 | Non-neurological neonatal morbidity | Neonates | X | X | OR=2.98 (1.58 to 5.61) | ||||||
| 42 | Neonatal morbidity: neurological | Neonates | X | X | OR=2.12 (1.56 to 2.91) | ||||||
| 43 | Morbidly composite | 1–18 years | X | X | OR=1.49 (1.02 to 2.1) | ||||||
| 43 | Morbidly composite | 1–18 years | X | X | OR=0.98 (0.87 to 1.10) | ||||||
| 43 | Learning difficulties or learning disabilities | 12 months–18 years | X | X | OR=2.03 (1.65 to 2.50) | ||||||
| 43 | Obesity | 2–18 years | X | X | OR=0.94 (0.59 to 1.49) | ||||||
| 43 | Obesity | 6–11 years | X | X | OR=0.90 (0.50 to 1.64) | ||||||
| 43 | Hypertension | 3–16 years | X | X | OR=0.98 (0.8 to 1.12) | ||||||
| 44 | Neurodevelopmental scores (high scores) | 40 weeks–10 years | X | X | Largest SMD=−0.32 (−0.38 to –0.25) | ||||||
| 44 | Neurodevelopmental scores (low scores) | 40 weeks–10y ears | X | X | Smallest SMD=−0.31 (−0.38 to –0.25) | ||||||
| 45 | Cognitive score | 0.16–10.0 years | X | XI | X | SMDH=−0.39 (−0.50 to –0.28) | |||||
| 45 | Cognitive score | 0.16–10.0 years | X | X | SMDH=−0.34 (−0.45 to –0.22) | ||||||
| 45 | Cognitive score | 2.0–9.5 years | X | I | X | SMDH=−0.58 (−0.82 to –0.35) | |||||
| 45 | Borderline intellectual impairment | Child | X | X | OR=1.75 (1.50 to 2.04) | ||||||
| 84 | Systolic blood pressure | Child/adult | X | X | MD=2.00 (0.21 to 3.78) | ||||||
| 84 | Systolic blood pressure | Child/adult | X | X | MD=1.46 (0.13 to 2.79) | ||||||
| 84 | Diastolic blood pressure | Child/adult | X | X | MD=1.39 (0.00 to 2.78) | ||||||
| 84 | Diastolic blood pressure | Child/adult | X | X | MD=1.22 (0.19 to 2.25) | ||||||
| 84 | High-density lipoprotein | Child/adult | X | X | MD=0.03 (−0.04 to 0.10) | ||||||
| 84 | High-density lipoprotein | Child/adult | X | X | MD=0.01 (−0.04 to 0.07) | ||||||
| 84 | Low-density lipoprotein | Child/adult | X | X | MD=0.67 (0.38 to 0.97) | ||||||
| 84 | Low-density lipoprotein | Child/adult | X | X | MD=0.13 (−0.03 to 0.29) | ||||||
| 84 | Triglyceride | Child/adult | X | X | MD=0.00 (−0.07 to 0.06) | ||||||
| 84 | Triglyceride | Child/adult | X | X | MD=−0.04 (−0.09 to 0.02) | ||||||
| 84 | Insulin | Child/adult | X | X | MD=−1.65 (−3.39 to 0.10) | ||||||
| 84 | Insulin | Child/adult | X | X | MD=−1.07 (−2.29 to 0.15) | ||||||
| 84 | BMI | Child/adult | X | X | MD=−0.38 (−0.98 to 0.22) | ||||||
| 84 | BMI | Child/adult | X | X | MD=0.06 (−0.34 to 0.46) | ||||||
| 87 | Systolic blood pressure | 11.3–41.3 years | X | X | SMD=0.41 (0.12 to 0.70) | ||||||
| 87 | Systolic blood pressure | 11.3–41.3 years | X | X | SMD=0.31 (−0.33 to 0.95) | ||||||
| 87 | Diastolic blood pressure | 11.3–41.3 years | X | X | SMD=0.28 (0.05 to 0.51) | ||||||
| 87 | Diastolic blood pressure | 11.3–41.3 years | X | X | SMD=0.09 (−0.08 to 0.26) | ||||||
| 87 | Serum creatinine | 17.6–22.9 years | X | X | SMD=0.18 (−0.24 to 0.59) | ||||||
| 87 | Serum creatinine | 17.6–22.9 years | X | X | SMD=0.02 (−0.32 to 0.35) | ||||||
, harmful effect from high to lower risks; 
, no effect high to lower risk.
Symbols inexposures: X, as defined in exposure; XI, SGA and IUGR (defined in reference 45); I, IUGR (defined in reference 45).
(45) IUGR is defined as antenatal evidence of growth restriction by abnormal middle cerebral artery pulsatility index and umbilical artery pulsatility index, or late onset verified by ultrasound or clinically, or ultrasound and clinical evaluation, or third trimester serial ultrasound.
AGAappropriate for gestational ageBMIbody mass indexIUGRintrauterine growth restrictionLBWlow birth weightMDmean differenceNBWnormal body weightPTpretermRRrelative riskSGAsmall for gestational ageSMDstandardised mean differenceSMDHstandardized mean difference for heteroscedastic population variancesTterm