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. 2024 Aug 3;39(9):985–999. doi: 10.1093/heapol/czae071

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© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press in association with The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Alt text: Flow diagram showing the selection process: 1174 records identified, 628 duplicates removed, 546 screened and 459 excluded. Of 90 full-text records reviewed (87 selected, 3 added), 59 are excluded (40 insufficient data, 12 concept not met and 7 redundant), leaving 31 records for analysis — Flow diagram of the study selection process