Table 1.
Migration of chemicals/additives from food packaging material to food system in storage and heating conditions.
| Food Products | Packaging Materials | Migration Compounds | Storage Conditions | Heating Conditions | Observations | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | PVDC | DEHP | - | 25, 60, and 80 °C | The migration of Phthalate was enhanced in PVDC/Phthalate/food simulant (water) systems by high contact energy and fractional free volume. | [44] |
| Milk powder | Aluminium Can | BPA, caprolactam | 25 °C for 6 months | 60, 150, and 250 °C | Milk powder showed a low migration rate of caprolactam and BPA | [45] |
| Tunny bonito | PP | DEHP | 4 °C for 4 months | - | Longer periods of contact with the packaging material resulted in higher migration. The higher lipid content of food packed in PP inhibited the migration of DEHP into food. | [46] |
| Bean, meat, cakes, potato, milk, and aquatic products | Glass containers | DEHP | −4.3 to 25.1 °C for 1 to 150 days | - | Temperature and time both accelerated the DEHP migration into food. Compared to older adults, infants and youngsters are more likely to suffer adverse effects from DEHP. | [47] |
| Parboiled rice | Plastic bag | BPA, caprolactam | 25 °C for 6 months | 60, 150, and 250 °C | Rice did not contain caprolactam. However, migration of BPA occurred during storage. | [45] |
| Hot tea and milk | PS | Monomer styrene | 4 °C for 7 days | 20, 60, and 100 °C for 10, 30, and 60 min, respectively | The study’s findings showed that the migration of styrene monomer from polystyrene disposable into hot drinks depended on the beverages’ temperature and fat content. | [10] |
| Cereal | Aluminum foil | BPA, caprolactam | 25 °C for 6 months | 60, 150, and 250 °C | Cereals did not contain caprolactam, however, migration of BPA occurred during storage | [45] |
| Ethanol/water and coconut oil | PET | Tinuvin | Up to 70 days at room temperature | 40–70 °C | Very little migration will occur because of the extremely low diffusion of UV stabilizers from PET. Studies conducted at 40 °C, which replicated prolonged room temperature usage, indicated that quite a few compounds would be transferred to food. | [48] |
| Ethanol simulant | Baking paper, microwave tray, plate, and cup | OPEs | - | 1 h, 2 h, and 10 days at 40, 70, and 100 °C, respectively | Utilizing food simulants, the results showed that organophosphate esters move toward foods with hydrophilic and lipophilic characteristics | [49] |
| Ethanol, acetic acid, and isooctane food simulant | PE, HDPE, PP, and PET | OPEs | 40 °C for 10 days | - | OPEs migrated more effectively into isooctane, suggesting that plastic packaging containing OPEs may present the highest risk of exposure when used for fatty food. | [50] |
| Jelly powders, breadcrumbs, flour, and mashed potato | PP, PET, PLA, cellulose acetate, offset paper, and cardboard | Acrylic, vinyl, and hotmelt | 40 °C for 10 days | - | Migration of these chemical compounds was found below the legal limit. | [51] |
| Milk, meat, and isooctane simulant | Plastic laminate films | Polyurethane | - | 20, 40, and 70 °C for 10 days, 10 days, and 2 h, respectively | The migration of chemicals in laminated films is affected by temperature, time, cross-section, and nanomaterials; moreover, temperature has a significant effect on migration | [52] |
| Ethanol and acidic acid simulant | LDPE and PP | Polyhydric alcohols, diethylene glycol, dibasic acids, adipic, and phthalic/isophthalic | - | 121 °C for 2 h | The findings of this study on cyclic oligoesters, including their molecular makeup, range of migration concentrations, and frequency of occurrence, may be beneficial for assessing regulatory risks in the future. | [53] |
| Water, acetic acid, and ethanol simulant | PET, PE, PP, and PS | Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg, and Sb | - | 70 °C for 2 h | The migration of Pb, Cd, Hg, and Cr from all the samples is within the EU Regulation’s permitted level. | [54] |
| Citric acid simulant | PET | Cd, Cr, Pb, and Sb | 7.2 to 22.2 °C for 1, 7 or 14 days | - | The migration of these metals for PET is not a concern for fresh fruit and vegetables. | [55] |
| Ethanol simulant | PP | TiO2 nanoparticles | 180 days at room temperature | 50 °C for 7 and 10 days | Negligible migration of TiO2 in dairy products | [56] |
| Acetic acid and ethanol simulant | LDPE | Nano clay | - | 40 and 70 °C for 10 days and 2 h, respectively | The migrated amount of nanoparticles is very low | [57] |
| Bread, butter, milk powder, orange juice, and fresh carrot | PE | Nanosilver | 7 and 10 days at 40 °C | - | Migration evaluation has found food samples containing negligible amounts of nano-silver particles. | [58] |
| Cola, orange juice, and rice wine | PP and PE | BHA, BHT, and TBHQ | 10, 25, and 40 °C for 5 days | - | Temperature showed an insignificant effect on antioxidant migration | [59] |
| Water, acetic acid, and ethanol simulant | PP | BHA, BHT, and TBHQ | 40 °C for 10 days | - | Among the crucial attributes of the fatty food packaging films, antioxidants demonstrated improved mechanical performance, attractiveness, and potent antioxidant activity. | [60] |
| Ethanol simulant | PP | BHA and BHT | 40 °C for 10 days | - | Processing conditions had a severe impact on antioxidant migration | [61] |
Polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), and polystyrene (PS), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), polylactic acid (PLA), organophosphate esters (OPEs), phthalate (DEHP), BPA, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), antimony (Sb), lead (Pb), and chromium (Cr).