Table 1.
Sex Differences Across the Studied Demographic, Sleep and Health Measures
| Studied Variables | Men | Women | Main effect | q‐value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Mean | SD | N | Mean | SD | t | df | P‐value | ||
|
Age (yrs) r=(18‐36) |
410 | 25.23 | 4.18 | 261 | 25.85 | 4.10 | −1.89 | 669.00 | 0.059 | 0.127 |
| Ethnic Group: | ||||||||||
| European | 287 | ‐ | ‐ | 181 | ‐ | ‐ | Chi Squared: | 5 | 0.084 | 0.164 |
| African | 49 | – | – | 41 | – | – | 9.71a | |||
| Indian | 34 | – | – | 9 | – | – | ||||
| Oriental | 19 | – | – | 12 | ‐ | ‐ | ||||
| Other | 9 | – | – | 11 | ‐ | ‐ | ||||
| No answer | 12 | – | – | 7 | ‐ | ‐ | ||||
| Gross Income: | ||||||||||
| Prefer not to say | 154 | ‐ | ‐ | 112 | ‐ | ‐ | Chi Squared: | 1 | 0.192 | 0.296 |
| Data provided | 247 | ‐ | ‐ | 144 | ‐ | ‐ | 1.853a | 0.374 | 0.470 | |
| ‐ | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ | |||||||
| Marital Status: | ||||||||||
| Lives with partner | 101 | ‐ | ‐ | 70 | ‐ | ‐ | Chi Squared: | 1 | 0.466 | 0.547 |
| Lives alone | 306 | ‐ | ‐ | 185 | ‐ | ‐ | 0.568a | |||
| Work Status: | Chi Squared: 1.563a | 1 | 0.231 | 0.345 | ||||||
| Working/in education | 320 | ‐ | ‐ | 216 | ‐ | ‐ | ||||
| Currently not working | 86 | ‐ | ‐ | 45 | ‐ | ‐ | ||||
|
Alcohol Intake (units per week) r = (0‐24) |
395 | 4.86 | 4.42 | 260 | 3.46 | 3.30 | 4.63 | 642.36 | <0.0001 | 0.004 |
| Chronotype | ||||||||||
|
MSFcorr (MCTQ)a r=(0:33‐7:58) |
410 | 04:41 | 1:10 | 261 | 04:31 | 1:02 | 1.82 | 597.12 | 0.069 | 0.188 |
|
MEQ score r=(25‐73) |
401 | 50.53 | 8.25 | 258 | 50.97 | 7.64 | −0.69 | 657.00 | 0.490 | 0.567 |
| 1‐morning | 66 | ‐ | ‐ | 38 | ‐ | ‐ | Chi Squared: | 2 | 0.027 | 0.070 |
| 2‐intermediate | 271 | ‐ | ‐ | 195 | ‐ | ‐ | ||||
| 3‐evening | 73 | ‐ | ‐ | 28 | ‐ | ‐ | 7.25a | |||
|
MCTQIam r=(1‐6) |
405 | 3.06 | 1.53 | 261 | 3.07 | 1.59 |
−0.01 |
664.00 | 0.994 | 0.994 |
| Health measures | ||||||||||
|
Psychiatric Health (GHQ) r=(0‐34) |
405 | 8.05 | 3.33 | 257 | 8.54 | 3.75 | −1.76 | 660.00 | 0.079 | 0.162 |
|
Mental Health (SF36) r=(44‐100) |
410 | 85.54 | 8.55 | 261 | 83.10 | 10.53 | 3.15 | 471.28 | 0.002 | 0.007 |
|
Physical Health (SF36) r=(48‐100) |
410 | 92.89 | 7.17 | 261 | 92.30 | 8.35 | 0.98 | 669.00 | 0.330 | 0.433 |
|
BMI (kg/m2) r=(17‐38) |
404 | 23.88 | 2.67 | 256 | 22.71 | 3.03 | 5.08 | 491.54 | <0.0001 | 0.002 |
| Sleep quality | ||||||||||
|
ISI r=(0‐21) |
399 | 3.16 | 2.99 | 249 | 3.57 | 3.39 | −1.61 | 646.00 | 0.107 | 0.185 |
|
PSQIg r=(0‐11) |
372 | 3.22 | 1.83 | 246 | 3.07 | 1.81 | 0.95 | 616.00 | 0.344 | 0.445 |
|
PSQIsq r=(0‐3) |
409 | 0.58 | 0.54 | 260 | 0.55 | 0.56 | 0.14 | 667.00 | 0.408 | 0.506 |
|
KSD r=(1‐8) |
406 | 3.56 | 1.46 | 255 | 3.33 | 1.30 | 2.17 | 584.82 | 0.031 | 0.078 |
| MCTQ workdays (general) | ||||||||||
|
Bedtimea r=(22:00‐3:00) |
406 | 23:25 | 1:06 | 260 | 23:04 | 0:53 | 4.27 | 599.84 | <0.0001 | 0.001 |
|
Sleep latencyb r=(0‐120) |
405 | 16.8 | 11.4 | 261 | 16.2 | 12.0 | 0.45 | 664.00 | 0.656 | 0.722 |
| Sleep onset timea r=(22:00‐3:00) | 405 | 23:42 | 1:02 | 260 | 23:22 | 0:54 | 4.29 | 602.04 | <0.0001 | 0.001 |
| Midpoint of sleepa r=(00:15‐7:31) | 401 | 03:46 | 1:01 | 260 | 03:32 | 0:52 | 3.29 | 609.41 | 0.001 | 0.004 |
|
Wakeup timea r=(3:00‐12:00) |
401 | 07:50 | 1:13 | 260 | 07:41 | 1:07 | 1.75 | 659.00 | 0.080 | 0.160 |
|
Time in bedc r=(5:00‐12:00) |
401 | 8:26 | 1:03 | 260 | 8:35 | 1:05 | −1.72 | 659.00 | 0.088 | 0.168 |
| MCTQ free days (general) | ||||||||||
|
Bedtimea r=(21:00‐4:00) |
410 | 00:19 | 1:10 | 261 | 00:05 | 1:07 | 2.60 | 577.31 | 0.010 | 0.029 |
|
Sleep latencyb r=(0‐60) |
410 | 15.0 | 11.4 | 261 | 13.6 | 10.2 | 1.02 | 669.00 | 0.307 | 0.416 |
|
Sleep onset timea r=(21:00‐4:00) |
410 | 00:34 | 1:10 | 261 | 00:19 | 1:07 | 2.74 | 669.00 | 0.006 | 0.018 |
|
Midpoint of sleepa r=(1:15‐9:02) |
410 | 04:44 | 1:11 | 261 | 04:36 | 1:01 | 1.62 | 610.58 | 0.107 | 0.181 |
|
Wakeup timea r=(5:00‐14:00) |
410 | 08:54 | 1:28 | 261 | 08:52 | 1:19 | 0.26 | 669.00 | 0.799 | 0.837 |
|
Time in bedc r=(3:00‐12:00) |
410 | 8:35 | 1:14 | 261 | 8:47 | 1:22 | −2.00 | 669.00 | 0.046 | 0.107 |
| MCTQ Average (general) | ||||||||||
|
Sleep durationc r=(4:33‐11:50) |
392 | 8:14 | 1:01 | 257 | 8:25 | 1:01 | −2.12 | 647.00 | 0.034 | 0.081 |
| MCTQ change | ||||||||||
|
Bedtimec r=(‐3:00‐4:00) |
406 | 0:54 | 0.53 | 260 | 0:59 | 0:52 | −1.26 | 664.00 | 0.207 | 0.314 |
|
Sleep latencyb r=(‐90‐30) |
405 | −1.8 | 7.2 | 261 | −2.4 | 9.0 | 0.77 | 664.00 | 0.443 | 0.527 |
|
Sleep onset timec r=(‐3:05‐4:00) |
405 | 0:52 | 0:52 | 260 | 0:57 | 0:52 | −1.13 | 663.00 | 0.259 | 0.380 |
|
Midpoint of sleepc r=(‐1:30‐4:33) |
401 | 0:58 | 0:53 | 260 | 1:04 | 0:50 | −1.52 | 659.00 | 0.128 | 0.209 |
|
Wakeup timec r=(‐3:00‐6:00) |
401 | 1:03 | 1:14 | 260 | 1:11 | 1:16 | −1.41 | 659.00 | 0.159 | 0.250 |
|
Time in bedc r=(‐4:00‐5:00) |
401 | 0:08 | 1:11 | 260 | 0:12 | 1:22 | −0.59 | 496.42 | 0.556 | 0.627 |
| DEBQ | ||||||||||
| Restrained Eating r=(1.0‐4.6) | 403 | 1.99 | 0.74 | 259 | 2.53 | 0.78 | −9.06 | 660.00 | <0.0001 | 0.001 |
| Emotional Eating r=(1.0‐4.6) | 405 | 1.77 | 0.62 | 259 | 2.21 | 0.80 | −7.50 | 455.04 | <0.0001 | 0.001 |
|
External Eating r=(1.2‐5.0) |
407 | 3.03 | 0.65 | 259 | 3.05 | 0.66 | −0.36 | 664.00 | 0.717 | 0.779 |
| BFI | ||||||||||
|
Openness r=(21‐50) |
402 | 38.49 | 5.01 | 255 | 38.36 | 5.43 | 0.32 | 508.21 | 0.752 | 0.797 |
|
Conscientiousness r=(19‐45) |
403 | 33.66 | 5.43 | 250 | 34.99 | 5.58 | −3.01 | 651.00 | 0.003 | 0.009 |
|
Extraversion r=(14‐40) |
405 | 28.64 | 4.81 | 257 | 29.40 | 5.32 | −1.90 | 660.00 | 0.058 | 0.128 |
|
Agreeableness r=(19‐45) |
405 | 35.35 | 4.86 | 255 | 37.05 | 4.50 | −4.57 | 570.57 | <0.0001 | 0.001 |
|
Neuroticism r=(8‐35) |
404 | 17.12 | 5.29 | 257 | 19.44 | 5.36 | −5.48 | 659.00 | <0.0001 | 0.001 |
| PANAS | ||||||||||
|
Positive Affect r=(14‐50) |
405 | 37.74 | 6.01 | 255 | 37.23 | 6.33 | 1.04 | 658.00 | 0.297 | 0.422 |
|
Negative Affect r=(10‐38) |
402 | 15.48 | 5.05 | 253 | 16.09 | 4.96 | −1.51 | 653.00 | 0.131 | 0.210 |
| BIS‐BAS | ||||||||||
|
BIS r=(7‐28) |
400 | 17.46 | 3.44 | 256 | 15.00 | 3.29 | 9.10 | 654.00 | <0.0001 | 0.000 |
|
BAS reward r=(5‐15) |
401 | 7.89 | 1.92 | 255 | 7.40 | 1.87 | 3.17 | 654.00 | 0.002 | 0.007 |
|
BAS drive r=(4‐16) |
401 | 8.36 | 2.17 | 258 | 8.35 | 2.12 | 0.05 | 657.00 | 0.964 | 0.975 |
|
BAS fun seeking r=(4‐13) |
403 | 6.92 | 1.97 | 258 | 7.07 | 2.13 | −0.93 | 659.00 | 0.354 | 0.451 |
Abbreviations: MSFcorr = Midpoint of sleep during free days corrected for the sleep debt accumulated during the week, MEQ = Morningness‐Evenigness Questionnaire, MCTQ = Munich Chronotype Questionnaire, DEBQ = Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire, BFI= Big Five Inventory, PANAS = Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, BIS‐BAS= Behavioural Inhibition and Approach Systems questionnaire, PSQI = Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, KSD = Karolinska Sleep Diary, ISI = Insomnia Severity Index, r = range . For further details on the reported outcome meaures please see methods.
Sex differences are FDR corrected. Only bold P values reach significance after statistical correction.
Time units = aclock time, bminutes, chours:minutes; q value = FDR adjusted significance level (see methods).