Table 2.
Normative data, descriptive statistics and group differences for SF-36, PSS, cortisol slope, (n = 50).
| Measure | Norms [25,32] | YE n = 14 Mean (SD) |
CE n = 18 Mean (SD) |
C n = 18 Mean (SD) |
All n = 50 Mean (SD) |
YE n = 14 Mean (SD) |
CE n = 18 Mean (SD) |
C n = 18 Mean (SD) |
All n = 50 Mean (SD) |
Differ p |
Within Inter- Action p |
Between Inter- Action p |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SF-36 | ||||||||||||||
| PCS | 49.2 (15.1) | 42.1 (3.6) | 42.5 (3.4) | 41.6 (3.5) | 42.0 (3.4) | 45.5 (4.5) | 46.5 (6.3) | 46.5 (5.1) | 46.0 (5.3) | <0.001 | 0.688 | 0.847 | ||
| PF | 50.7 (14.5) | 50.7 (6.7) | 51.8 (6.1) | 49.8 (7.4) | 50.8 (6.0) | 51.2 (7.2) | 51.3 (6.1) | 52.2 (5.2) | 51.6 (6.0) | 0.335 | 0.321 | 0.947 | ||
| RP | 49.5 (14.7) | 25.5 (3.6) | 25.8 (3.0) | 24.6 (3.3) | 25.3 (3.3) | 27.1 (0.9) | 26.0 (2.9) | 25.7 (2.9) | 26.2 (2.5) | 0.102 | 0.570 | 0.305 | ||
| BP | 50.7 (16.3) | 38.8 (2.3) | 39.1 (2.4) | 37.7 (3.6) | 38.5 (2.9) | 42.4 (9.1) | 44.2 (11.1) | 48.0 (11.1) | 45.1 (10.7) | 0.307 | 0.162 | 0.531 | ||
| GH | 50.1 (16.9) | 43.8 (5.7) | 42.9 (6.4) | 45.1 (4.2) | 44.0 (5.5) | 55.2 (6.8) | 55.2 (5.6) | 52.3 (8.1) | 54.2 (6.9) | <0.001 | 0.250 | 0.876 | ||
| MCS | 53.8 (13.1) | 39.8 (3.6) | 38.8 (4.3) | 38.8 (3.3) | 39.0 (3.7) | 50.4 (3.8) | 45.8 (10.1) | 45.5 (9.4) | 46.8 (8.8) | <0.001 | 0.475 | 0.221 | ||
| VS | 53.7 (15.4) | 53.6 (4.2) | 54.9 (6.0) | 54.5 (4.5) | 54.4 (4.9) | 59.2 (7.8) | 55.9 (8.8) | 54.9 (11.5) | 54.5 (9.6) | 0.111 | 0.307 | 0.700 | ||
| SF | 51.4 (13.9) | 35.5 (3.5) | 34.1 (2.8) | 34.1 (3.4) | 34.5 (3.2) | 53.9 (7.3) | 53.5 (7.5) | 52.9 (6.7) | 53.4 (2.0) | <0.001 | 0.927 | 0.758 | ||
| RE | 51.4 (13.1) | 19.0 (4.2) | 18.5 (4.5) | 17.9 (4.5) | 18.4 (4.4) | 19.8 (3.2) | 19.0 (3.8) | 19.8 (2.9) | 19.5 (3.3) | 0.106 | 0.595 | 0.844 | ||
| MH | 54.3 (13.3) | 53.7 (3.3) | 53.9 (4.0) | 53.0 (4.4) | 53.5 (3.9) | 63.0 (5.1) | 57.8 (11.9) | 58.3 (11.5) | 59.4 (10.4) | 0.001 | 0.429 | 0.337 | ||
| PSS | 20.2 (7.8) | 32.7 (4.3) | 33.6 (3.6) | 34.3 (5.3) | 33.6 (4.4) | 14.4 (6.3) | 16.5 (7.0) | 20.1 (9.6) | 17.2 (8.0) | <0.001 | 0.294 | 0.145 | ||
| Cortisol Slope | N/A | −0.493 (0.22) | −0.573 (0.25) | −0.564 (0.20) | −0.547 (0.20) | −0.522 (0.20) | −0.756 (0.39) | −0.527 (0.21) | −0.608 (0.30) | 0.209 | 0.121 | 0.057 | ||
| <Baseline (“Pre”)> | <6-Month (“Post”)> | |||||||||||||
Note: YE = Yoga-based exercise group; CE = Comprehensive exercise group; C = Comparison group; PCS = SF-36 Physical Component Score; BP = SF-36 Bodily Pain subscale; MCS = SF-36 Mental Component Scale; MH = SF-36 Mental Health subscale; SF = SF-36 Social Functioning subscale; RE = SF-36 Role Emotional subscale; vs. = SF-36 Vitality subscale; PSS = Perceived Stress Scale; Cortisol slope (diurnal rhythm).