Table 3.

The summary of different seaweed-based food packaging materials for different type of food and their water vapor barrier and mechanical stability.

Type of Food Packaging	Film Formulations	Food Product	WVP, g/m Day Pa	TS, MPa	e, %	References
Brown Seaweed
Edible film	Alginate–cinnamaldehyde emulsion	Strawberry	5.5 × 10−2	62	17	[117]
Edible film	Alginate–wheat gluten–soy hull nanocellulose	Banana	1.6 × 10−4	60	188	[118]
Edible film	Alginate–thymol	Fresh cut apple	4.4 × 10−3	28	3	[119]
Edible film	Alginate–chitosan–QDs@ZIF-8 nanoparticles	Kiwifruit	3.0 × 10−3	30	8	[120]
Edible film	Alginate–gelatin–Ag	Tangerine	3.4 × 10−5	46	17	[121]
Active film	Alginate–aloe vera–ZnO particles	Tomato	6.2 × 10−3	38	22	[68]
Edible film	Alginate–citric acid.	Cheese	6.8 × 10−3	11	20	[122]
Active film	Alginate–konjac glucomannan–tea polyphenols	Minced beef	1.7 × 10−5	5	80	[62]
Intelligent film	Alginate-–cellulose nanocrystals–beetroot extract	Pork	-	55	40	[64]
Intelligent film	Alginate–purple onion extract and butterfly pear flower extract	Shrimp and beef	3.7 × 10−3	25	5	[65]
Intelligent film	Fucoidan–chitosan–coleus grass leaves	Salmon	1.4 × 10−5	36	23	[73]
Edible film	Fucoidan–chitosan–cinnamaldehyde	Lichi	8.3 × 10−7	21	120	[74]
Red Seaweed
Edible film	Agar–Zno particles	Green grape	-	29	33	[83]
Edible film	Agar–natamycin	Strawberry	3.5 × 10−5	15	30	[123]
Edible film	Agar–gelatin–carbon dots	Tomato	6.9 × 10−5	75	16	[124]
Active film	Agar–gelatin–Cu/Zn nanoparticles	Pork	6.1 × 10−5	55	12	[125]
Active film	Agar–alginate–ginger essential oil	Beef	2.6 × 10−4	-	-	[126]
Edible film	Carrageenan–peppermint and thymol oil	Strawberry	1.4 × 10−6	34	22	[99]
Edible film	Carrageenan–sodium carboxymethyl starch	Strawberry	4.8 × 10−5	38	27	[127]
Active film	Carrageenan–silver particles	Cottage cheese	9.3 × 10−5	40	6	[93]
Active film	Carrageenan–mulberry extract	Milk	1.2 × 10−6	26	9	[95]
Active film	Carrageenan–lignin carbon dots	Milk	2.5 × 102	47	22	[97]
Intelligent film	Carrageenan–sweet potato peel extract–carbon dots	Shrimp	8.3 × 10−5	106	5	[96]
Intelligent film	Carrageenan–pectin–sweet potato extract	Salmon	8.1 × 10−5	21	24	[128]
Active film	Carrageenan–gelatin–date seeds	Goat	1.5 × 10−5	9	46	[129]
Active film	Carrageenan–honey	Beef	1.4 × 10−5	34	79	[130]
Green Seaweed
Edible film	Ulvan–sorbitol	-	3.0 × 10−6	2	20	[111]
Edible film	Ulvan–carrageenan	-	8.6 × -10−3	49	11	[114]
Active film	Ulvan–gelatin–beeswax	-	1.6 × 10−3	6	89	[116]