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. 2024 Oct 14;15:365. doi: 10.1186/s13287-024-03936-5

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — EVs parent cells source, EVs source, delivery strategies, functions and mechanisms of EVs in dental tissue regeneration. Abbreviations: EVs, extracellular vesicles; GMSC-EVs, gingival mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles; DPSC-EVs, dental pulp stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles; PDLSC-EVs, periodontal ligament stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles; DFC-EVs, dental follicle cell-derived extracellular vesicles; SCAP-EVs, stem cells from apical papilla-derived extracellular vesicles; SHED-EVs, human exfoliated deciduous teeth stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles; Macrophage-EVs, macrophage derived extracellular vesicles; ADMSC-EVs, adipose mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles; BMMSC-EVs, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles