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. 2024 Oct 14;15:365. doi: 10.1186/s13287-024-03936-5

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — The therapeutic effects of extracellular vesicles on different dental tissue regeneration. a EVs derived from LPS-preconditioned DFCs loden on hydrogel applied in the treatment of periodontitis by repairing lost alveolar bone and promoting periodontal tissue regeneration. This figure is adapted and is freely accessible from reference [72], Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). b EVs derived from BMMSCs prevent BRONJ by preventing the spread of chronic inflammation and promoting angiogenesis and osteogenesis. This figure is adapted and is freely accessible from reference [46], c TDM and EVs isolated from DPSCs promote reparative dentin formation. This figure is adapted and is freely accessible from reference [87], Licensed by Sage Publications and Copyright Clearance Center. d EVs derived from osteoclasts promote bone regeneration. This figure is adapted and is freely accessible from reference [14], Reprinted under the terms of the Creative Commons CC-BY license. Abbreviations: AB, alveolar bone; PL, periodontal ligament; D, cementum; ZOL, zoledronic acid; TDM, dentin matrix; D, dentin; P, pulp tissue; DB, dental bridge; BV./TV., bone volume/total volume; OCs-col, osteoclasts on collagen; OC-EVs-col, EVs derived from osteoclasts on collagen