. 2024 Sep 28;13(19):3100. doi: 10.3390/foods13193100

Table 1.

Inline measurements of pH and conductivity during recirculation of concentrated skim milk solutions at 30% (w/w) total solids at a starting pH of 6.1, 6.3, 6.5, and 6.7. Measured changes (∆) in these parameters are shown. The abbreviations ‘t₀’ and ‘t₉₀’ indicate the measurements at the start (0 min) and end (90 min) of the fouling experiment.

	pH					Conductivity (mS/cm)
t₀	t₉₀	Cooled to 25 °C after Run	∆ during Run	∆ 0–40 Min	∆ 40–90 Min	t₀	t₉₀	Cooled to 25 °C after Run	∆ during Run	∆ 0–40 min	∆ 40–90 min
6.1	5.70 ^a ± 0.13	6.00 ^a ± 0.00	0.36 ^a ± 0.08	0.34 ^a ± 0.08	0.02 ^a ± 0.00	8.09 ^a ± 0.07	9.40 ^a ± 0.08	8.21 ^a ± 0.01	1.31 ^a ± 0.01	0.87 ^a ± 0.69	0.04 ^a ± 0.01
6.3	5.93 ^b ± 0.00	6.20 ^b ± 0.00	0.36 ^a ± 0.01	0.30 ^a ± 0.01	0.06 ^a ± 0.00	8.09 ^a ± 0.00	9.24 ^b ± 0.00	8.25 ^a ± 0.00	1.15 ^b ± 0.00	0.57 ^a ± 0.03	0.01 ^a ± 0.00
6.5	6.11 ^c ± 0.07	6.36 ^b ± 0.09	0.36 ^a ± 0.02	0.31 ^a ± 0.01	0.05 ^a ± 0.03	8.04 ^a ± 0.02	9.18 ^b ± 0.06	8.24 ^a ± 0.04	1.14 ^b ± 0.08	0.41 ^a ± 0.22	0.07 ^a ± 0.03
6.7	6.25 ^d ± 0.01	6.58 ^c ± 0.04	0.38 ^a ± 0.01	0.32 ^a ± 0.00	0.06 ^a ± 0.01	8.07 ^a ± 0.05	9.09 ^c ± 0.02	8.23 ^a ± 0.02	1.02 ^c ± 0.07	0.58 ^a ± 0.07	0.06 ^a ± 0.01

Results are the means of data from two independent trials. Mean values within a column not sharing a common superscript letter differ significantly (p < 0.05).