AChRs	acetylcholine receptors
AD	Alzheimer’s disease
Akt	protein kinase B
ASC	apoptosis-associated speck-like protein
ATM	ataxia-teleangiectasia, mutated
ATP	adenosine triphosphate
ATR	ATM and Rad3-related
AQP4	aquaporin 4
BBB	blood–brain barrier
BDNF	brain-derived neurotrophic factor
BMAL1	Basic Helix–Loop-Helix ARNT Like 1
CARD	caspase activation and recruitment domain
CDK	cyclin-dependent kinase
cGAS	2′3′-cyclic GMP-AMP synthase
CNS	central nervous system
COX	cyclooxygenase
CSF	cerebrospinal fluid
DAMPs	danger-associated molecular patterns
DDR	DNA damage response
DNA	deoxyribonucleic acid
EAAT	excitatory amino acid transporter
Ecrg4	esophageal cancer-related gene 4
ER	endoplasmic reticulum
ERK	extracellular-regulated kinase
FADD	FAS-associated death domain
GABA	gamma-aminobutyric acid
GFAP	glial fibrillary acidic protein
GSK3β	glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta
HMGB	high-mobility group B
HSP	heat shock protein
ICAM-1	intercellular adhesion molecule-1
IFN	interferon
IIS pathways	insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1-signaling pathways
IκB	inhibitor of κB
IKK	IκB kinase
IL	interleukin
IRF3	interferon regulatory factor 3
JAK/STAT pathway	Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway
JNK	c-Jun N-terminal kinase
Kir	inwardly rectifying potassium channels
LINGO-1	leucine-rich repeat and Ig-like domain-containing Nogo receptor-interacting protein 1
LRP-1	low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1
MAPK	mitogen-activated protein kinase
MBP	myelin basic protein
MCP	monocyte chemoattractant protein
MDM2	mouse double minute 2
MHC	major histocompatibility complex
MIP	macrophage inflammatory protein
MLKL	mixed lineage kinase domain-like
MMP	matrix metalloproteinase
MRI	magnetic resonance imaging
mTOR	mammalian target of rapamycin
mTORC	mechanistic target of rapamycin complex
MyD88	myeloid differentiating factor 88
NADPH	reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
NF-κB	nuclear factor κB
NLRS	NOD-like receptors
NMDA	N-methyl-D-aspartate
NOD	nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain
NPCs	neural progenitor cells
Nrf-2	nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
NVU	neurovascular unit
OPCs	oligodendrocyte progenitor cells
PAMPs	pathogen-associated molecular patterns
PARP1	poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase 1
PD	Parkinson’s disease
PDGF	Platelet-derived growth factor
PERK	protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase
PET	positron emission tomography
PGC-1α	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha
PI3K	phosphoinositide 3 kinase
PPAR	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
PRRs	pattern-recognition receptors
RAGE	receptor for advanced glycation end product
RANTES	regulated on activation, normal T-cell-expressed and -secreted (also known as CCL5)
RB	retinoblastoma protein
RIPK	receptor-interacting protein kinase
RNA	ribonucleic acid
ROS	reactive oxygen species
RUNX1	runt-related transcription factor 1
SA-β-gal	senescence-associated β galactosidase
SALL1	Sal-like protein 1
SAMD	senescence-associated mitochondrial dysfunction
SASP	senescence-associated secretory phenotype
SIPS	stress-induced premature senescence
STING	stimulator of interferon genes
TBK1	TANK binding kinase 1
TER	telomerase RNA
TERT	telomerase reverse transcriptase
TFAM	mitochondrial transcription factor A
TGF	transforming growth factor
TIMP-1	tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1
TJ	tight junction
TLRs	toll-like receptors
TNF-α	tumor necrosis factor α
TNFR	tumor necrosis factor receptor
TRADD	TNF-receptor-associated death domain
TREMs	triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells
VCAM-1	vascular cell adhesion molecule 1
VEGF	vascular endothelial growth factor