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. 2024 Sep 30;25(19):10534. doi: 10.3390/ijms251910534

Figure 4.

Figure 4

PA-induced pancreatic β-cell dysfunction is related to NAD+/AMPK/SIRT1/HIF-1α signaling pathway regulation. (A) Cell viability of INS-1 cells treated by different AICAR concentrations. (B) The secretion level of INS-1 cells treated with 0.5 mM PA and/or 0.5 mM AICAR. Measurement 3.3 mM represents 3.3 mM glucose concentration simulating normal fasting glucose levels, while 16.7 mM represents 16.7 mM glucose concentration reflecting postprandial hyperglycemia. Insulin levels were measured after stimulation with 3.3 mM glucose and 16.7 mM glucose after 1 h of incubation. (C) The NAD+/NADH ratio of INS-1 cells treated by 0.5 mM PA and/or 0.5 mM AICAR. (D) Representative Western blotting of HIF-1α, SIRT1, pAMPK, AMPK, Glut2, and GAPDH in INS-1 cells. (F) p-AMPK/AMPK ratio. (E,G,H) Quantitative density analysis of Glut2, SIRT1, and HIF-1α normalized to GAPDH. Data are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3). Each circle represents a replicate experiment. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 vs. the control group; # p < 0.05 vs. the PA group.