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. 2024 Oct 5;25(19):10728. doi: 10.3390/ijms251910728

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Effect of Sulforaphane, Sinalbin, Di-caffeoylquinic acid, and Cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside on TNF-α production. Data are presented as percentage compared to the negative control (no treatment) valued as 100% from three in vitro assays with different doses (10 µM, 25 µM and 50 µM) of SFN (A), SNB (B), Di-CQA (C) and Cy3,5DiG (D) for 24 h in the presence of LPS (0.1 µg/mL) as a pro-inflammatory stimulus (N = 3). Values of p were calculated using the ANOVA test with a post hoc Tukey’s HSD test. Statistically significant differences are represented as: * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 and *** p < 0.001, compared to LPS treatment; # p < 0.05 and ## p < 0.01, compared to negative control; § p < 0.05, §§ p < 0.01 and §§§ p < 0.001, for comparisons between different doses of compounds. Dot lines represent cytokine normalized level of 100% corresponding to negative control. SFN, Sulforaphane; SNB, Sinalbin; Cy3,5DiG, Cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside; Di-CQA, Di-caffeoylquinic acid; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha.