| ADME | absorption: distribution: metabolism, and excretion |
| AMPK | AMP-activated protein kinase |
| CAD | coronary artery disease |
| c - Met | c-mesenchymal–epithelial transition factor |
| DGK-ζ | diacylglycerol kinase-ζ |
| ERK | extracellular signal-related kinase |
| GLP-1 | glucagon-like peptide 1 |
| GLUT4 | stimulation of glucose transporter type 4 |
| GPx | glutathione peroxidase |
| IKK | inhibitor kappa B kinase |
| IL-1β | interleukin-1β |
| IL-6 | interleukin-6 |
| iNOS | inducible nitric oxide synthase |
| LPS | lipopolysaccharide |
| MAPKs | mitogen-activated protein kinases |
| NF-κB | nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of activated B cells |
| Nrf2/HO-1 | nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 |
| PLA2G6 | phospholipase A2 group VI |
| PPARγ | peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma |
| SCFAs | short-chain fatty acids |
| Smad2/3 | suppressor of mothers against decapentaplegic 2/3 |
| SOD | superoxide dismutase |
| STAT3 | signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 |
| TCM | Traditional Chinese Medicine |
| TGF-β1 | transforming growth factor-β1 |
| TNF-α | tumor necrosis factor-α |