Table 5.

Emerging interventions and therapies for spinal cord injury.

Intervention/Therapy	Mechanism of Action
Hypothermia [81,82,83,84]	Reduces metabolic rate, potentially decreasing secondary injury by lowering body temperature
GM-1 + mNGF [79]	Reduce excitatory neurotransmitters, Na+-K+-ATPase and Ca2+-ATPase activity, inflammation, oxidative stress, calcium buildup, and apoptosis; promote nerve growth and membrane repair
BA-210 [72]	Inhibits the Rho pathway, which is involved in growth-inhibitory proteins after CNS injury, promoting recovery
Riluzole [86]	Blocks voltage-sensitive sodium channels and inhibits presynaptic calcium-dependent glutamate release, providing neuroprotective effects
Immune Therapy Targets [80]	Target transmembrane proteins on immature dendritic cells, preventing their maturation, which may aid in SCI recovery
Minocycline [78]	Acts as an antibiotic with anti-apoptotic properties, potentially reducing cell death post-SCI

GM-1: Ganglioside Monosialotetrahexosylganglioside; mNGF: mouse Nerve Growth Factor.