Table 3.
ML-based prognostic model characteristics of HCC patients after TARE
| Author | ML Algorithms | Prediction Target | Key Predictive Factors | Main Results/Performance Metrics | Model Validation & Interpretability | Other Important Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Roll 2024 [43] | Multivariate LR | Treatment Response and Survival Outcome | Energy, Maximal Correlation Coefficient | AUC: 0.75 | Feature selection with Boruta algorithm | Radiomic analysis can quantify tumor heterogeneity, including blood supply, cellular vitality, density, and fibrosis |
| Ince 2023 [44] | SVM, LR, RF, LightGBM | Treatment Response | 8 Radiomic features, 4 Clinical features | AUC: 0.88-0.94 | 5-fold cross-validation | Age and preoperative total bilirubin level significantly correlate with TARE treatment response |
| Kobe 2021 [45] | Multilayer Perceptron, ANN | Disease Control (PR/SD) and PD | 104 Texture Analysis Features from CBCT, 15 features after selection | AUC: 0.85, Sensitivity 94.2%, Specificity 67.7% | 10-fold cross-validation | NA |
| Marinelli 2023 [46] | XGBoost | Treatment Response at 4-6 Months Post-Treatment | Radiomic features from baseline and early post-treatment (1-2 months) MRI images | AUC: 0.89 | NA | Combined baseline and early follow-up MRI radiomic data better predict patient treatment response |
| Balli 2024 [47] | LASSO, LR | Radiological Response at 6 Months Post-Treatment | Rad-score, Bifurcation Lesions | AUC: 0.696-0.880 | DeLong test, NRI, IDI | First study to use MRI radiomics to predict TARE treatment response in ICC patients |
| Aujay 2022 [48] | LR | Treatment Response | Longitudinal Emphasis, Minor Axis Length, Surface Area, and Gray Level Non-uniformity | AUC: 1 | Cross-validation | Heterogeneity parameters in arterial and portal venous phase images before and after treatment not significantly different between responders and non-responders |
LightGBM: A gradient boosting framework that uses tree-based learning; ANN: Artificial Neural Network; PR: Partial Response; SD: Stable Disease; PD: Progressive Disease; CBCT: Cone Beam Computed Tomography; ICC: Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma; TARE: Transarterial Radioembolization; NRI: Net Reclassification Improvement; IDI: Integrated Discrimination Improvement.