Table 3.
Heart rate variability parameters in athletes with and without prior COVID-19.
| COVID-19 Group (n = 60) | Control Group (n = 60) | t-Value | p-Value | 95% CI | Cohen’s d | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Heart rate (bpm) | 79.3 ± 9.5 | 81.5 ± 12.7 | −1.01 | 0.316 | [−6.51, 2.11] | −0.20 |
| HF (%) | 32.7 ± 7.1 | 31.4 ± 7.4 | 0.94 | 0.349 | [−1.39, 3.79] | 0.18 |
| LF (%) | 35.7 ± 9.1 | 35.1 ± 11.8 | 0.29 | 0.770 | [−3.40, 4.60] | 0.06 |
| LF/HF | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 1.2 ± 0.6 | 0.00 | 1.000 | [−0.21, 0.21] | 0.00 |
| SDNN (ms) | 51.9 ± 10.5 | 53.5 ± 16.1 | −0.56 | 0.576 | [−6.97, 3.77] | −0.11 |
Notes: Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation. n = sample size; t = t-value; p = p-value; CI = confidence interval; effect size = Cohen’s d. Abbreviations: COVID-19 group (Post COVID-19 group), without COVID-19 (control group); HF: high frequency; LF: low frequency; LF/HF: low-frequency to high-frequency ratio; SDNN: standard deviation of NN intervals; bpm: beats per minute; ms: milliseconds.