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. 2024 Sep 29;29(19):4634. doi: 10.3390/molecules29194634

Table 5.

Comparison of different extraction methods for 3′-8″ biflavone extraction.

Source Conventional Method Novel Methods Reference
Biflavonoid Extraction Conditions Yield mg/g Extraction Conditions Yield mg/g
Amentoflavone T. chinensis leaves Soxhlet extractor, methanol,
textraction = 7 h		 4.08 ± 0.03 Supercritical CO2 extraction plus co-solvent (78% ethanol),
textraction = 2 h,
T = 48 °C,
p = 25 Mpa,
qCO2 = 2 L/min		 4.47 ± 0.06 [104]
G. biloba L. tree bark Sonification,
tsonification = 10 min; 80% methanol,
textraction = 45 min,
T = 25 °C		 0.06 ± 0.004 - - [178]
twig bark 0.08 ± 0.007 - -
buds 0.04 ± 0.002 - -
leaf blades 0.09 ± 0.001 - -
petioles 0.18 ± 0.005 - -
seed petioles 0.03 ± 0.002 - -
sarcotesta 0.02 ± 0.002 - -
S. tamariscina (Beauv) Spring Solvent extraction, sonification,
textraction = 2 h, T = 25 °C		 70% ethanol 14.05 Supercritical CO2 fluid extraction extractor
T = 60 °C,
p = 200 bar, static, textraction static = 0.5 h, textraction dynamic = 1 h, 70% ethanol		 20.18 [200]
70% hexane 0.40
70% n-butanol 1.72 Accelerated solvent extraction, 70% ethanol,
textraction = 4 min, elution is flushed with 60% volume, the nitrogen purge lasts 60 s, and extraction is performed three times. The extraction T = 80 °C, and p < 1500 psi		 27.77
70% ethyl acetate 1.71
Reflux extraction, 70% ethanol,
textraction = 1 h,
T = 90 °C		 33.00
Percolation extraction, textraction = 2 h, T = 40 °C 14.73
S. uncinata Maceration extraction, DES,
textraction = 3 h		 0.05 ± 0.01 Ultrasonic-assisted deep eutectic solvent extraction, 33% (w/w), textraction = 0.5 h 0.71 ± 0.01 [201]
Percolation extraction, textraction = 4 h,
T = 40 °C		 0.60 ± 0.01
G. biloba L. leaves Sonification,
tsonification = 10 min; 70% ethanol,
textraction = 45 min,
T = 25 °C		 0.064 ± 0.004 Enzyme-assisted extraction(Viscozyme L),
textraction = 4 h,
T = 50 °C and
200 rpm		 0.066 ± 0.003 [202]
Enzyme-assisted extraction
(Viscozyme L),
textraction = 24 h,
T = 50 °C and
200 rpm		 0.069 ± 0.002
Ultrasound-assisted extraction, 20 kHz,
62% amplitude, textraction = 10 min, T = 0 °C		 0.064 ± 0.000
Mechanically assisted extraction, textraction = 20 min, T = 25 °C and
600 rpm		 0.065 ± 0.001
Chemically assisted extraction, 0.1% TritonX and 10% NaClO
solution,
T = 25 °C and
200 rpm.		 0.044 ± 0.001
G. biloba L. leaves Sonification,
tsonification = 10 min; 80% methanol,
textraction = 45 min,
T = 25 °C		 0.081 ± 0.002 Sonification, tsonification = 10 min; DES, textraction = 45 min, T = 25 °C Betaine: ethylene glycol 1:2 with 20% H2O (w/w) 0.061 ± 0.009 [178]
Betaine: ethylene glycol 1:2 with 30% H2O (w/w) 0.053 ± 0.000
Bilobetin G. biloba L.
leaves		 Ethanol-based Ultrasound Assisted Extraction,
70% ethanol
textraction = 25 min, solid–liquid ratio of 1:14 g/mL, and ultrasonic power of 280 W		 2.00 * Ultrasonic-assisted ionic liquid extraction
c[Epy]BF4 = 0.148 mol/L,textraction = 25 min, solid–liquid ratio of 1:14 g/mL, and ultrasonic power of 280 W		 2.44 [188]
Infiltration extraction
c[Epy]BF4 = 0.148 mol/L, textraction = 48 h		 1.60 *
Percolation extraction
c[Epy]BF4 = 0.148 mol/L, textraction = 30 min,
percolate:
q = 2 drops/min		 1.40 *
G. biloba L. twig bark Sonification,
t sonification = 10 min); 80% methanol,
textraction = 45 min,
T = 25 °C		 0.03 ± 0.002 - - [178]
petioles 0.98 ± 0.006 - -
leaf blades 1.38 ± 0.01 - -
seed petioles 0.25 ± 0.02 - -
sarcotesta 0.14 ± 0.05 - -
G. biloba L. leaves Sonification,
t sonification = 10 min; 70% ethanol,
textraction = 45 min,
T = 25 °C		 0.164 ± 0.014 Enzyme-assisted extraction (Viscozyme L),
textraction = 4 h,
T = 50 °C, and
200 rpm		 0.166 ± 0.003 [202]
Enzyme-assisted extraction (Viscozyme L), textraction = 24 h,
T = 50 °C, and
200 rpm		 0.172 ± 0.002
Ultrasound-assisted extraction, 20 kHz,
62% amplitude,
textraction = 10 min,
T = 0 °C		 0.167 ± 0.001
Mechanically assisted extraction, textraction = 20 min,
T = 25 °C, and
600 rpm		 0.177 ± 0.012
Chemically assisted extraction, 0.1% TritonX and 10% NaClO
solution,
T = 25 °C, and
200 rpm.		 0.108 ± 0.023
G. biloba L. leaves Sonification,
tsonification = 10 min; 80% methanol,
textraction = 45 min,
T = 25 °C		 0.471 ± 0.013 Sonification, tsonification = 10 min; DES, textraction = 45 min, T = 25 °C Betaine: ethylene glycol 1:2 with 10% H2O (w/w) 0.107 ± 0.008 [203]
Betaine: ethylene glycol 1:2 with 20% H2O (w/w) 0.171 ± 0.029
Betaine: ethylene glycol 1:2 with 30% H2O (w/w) 0.118 ± 0.013
Betaine: sucrose 1:4 with 30% H2O (w/w) 0.063 ± 0.000
Betaine: glycerol 1:2 with 10% H2O (w/w) 0.092 ± 0.013
Choline chloride: ethylene glycol 1:2 with 10% H2O (w/w) 0.065 ± 0.002
Choline chloride: ethylene glycol 1:2 with 20% H2O (w/w) 0.072 ± 0.000
Choline chloride: urea 1:2 with 10% H2O (w/w) 0.066 ± 0.003
Choline chloride: urea: ethylene glycol 1:2:2 with 10% H2O (w/w) 0.077 ± 0.003
Ginkgetin T. chinensis leaves Soxhlet extractor; extraction solvent, methanol;
textraction = 7 h		 2.17 ± 0.02 Supercritical CO2 extraction Plus co-solvent
(78% ethanol)
textraction = 2 h,
T = 48 °C,
p = 25 Mpa;
qCO2 = 2 L/min		 3.39 ± 0.02 [104]
G. biloba L.
leaves		 Ethanol-based ultrasound-assisted extraction, 70% ethanol textraction = 25 min, solid–liquid ratio of 1:14 g/mL, and ultrasonic power of 280 W 3.90 * Ultrasonic-assisted ionic liquid extraction
c[Epy]BF4 = 0.148 mol/L, textraction = 25 min, solid–liquid ratio of 1:14 g/mL, and ultrasonic power of 280 W		 4.33 [183]
Infiltration extraction
c[Epy]BF4 = 0.148 mol/L, textraction = 48 h		 2.60 *
Percolation extraction
c[Epy]BF4 = 0.148 mol/L, textraction = 30 min, percolate: q = 2 drops/min		 2.00 *
G. biloba L. twig bark Sonification,
t sonification = 10 min, 80% methanol,
textraction = 45 min,
T = 25 °C		 0.03 ± 0.002 - - [178]
buds 0.01 ± 0.001 - -
petioles 0.63 ± 0.003
leaf blades 1.33 ± 0.005 - -
seed petioles 0.15 ± 0.01 - -
sarcotesta 0.12 ± 0.007 - -
G. biloba L. leaves Sonification,
t sonification = 10 min; 70% ethanol,
textraction = 45 min,
T = 25 °C		 0.607 ± 0.050 Enzyme-assisted extraction
(Viscozyme L),
textraction = 4 h,
T = 50 °C, and
200 rpm		 0.627 ± 0.010 [202]
Enzyme-assisted extraction
(Viscozyme L),
textraction = 24 h,
T = 50 °C, and
200 rpm		 0.646± 0.007
Ultrasound-assisted extraction, 20 kHz,
62% amplitude,
textraction = 10 min, T = 0 °C		 0.622 ± 0.003
Mechanically assisted extraction, textraction = 20 min,
T = 25 °C, and
600 rpm		 0.634 ± 0.009
Chemically assisted extraction, 0.1% TritonX and 10% NaClO
solution,
T = 25 °C, and
200 rpm.		 0.466 ± 0.055
G. biloba L. leaves Sonification,
tsonification = 10 min; 80% methanol,
textraction = 45 min,
T = 25 °C		 0.367 ± 0.004 Sonification, tsonification = 10 min; DES, textraction = 45 min,
T = 25 °C		 Betaine: ethylene glycol 1:2 with 10% H2O (w/w) 0.110 ± 0.010 [203]
Betaine: ethylene glycol 1:2 with 20% H2O (w/w) 0.105 ± 0.016
Betaine: ethylene glycol 1:2 with 30% H2O (w/w) 0.074 ± 0.03
Betaine: glycerol 1:2 with 10% H2O (w/w) 0.073 ± 0.004
Isoginkgetin G. biloba L.
leaves		 Ethanol-based ultrasound-assisted extraction,
70% ethanol
textraction = 25 min, solid–liquid ratio of 1:14 g/mL, and
ultrasonic power of 280 W		 5.20 * Ultrasonic-assisted ionic liquid extraction
c[Epy]BF4 = 0.148 mol/L,
textraction = 25 min, solid–liquid ratio of 1:14 g/mL, and ultrasonic power of 280 W		 6.50 [188]
Infiltration extraction
c[Epy]BF4 = 0.148 mol/L, textraction = 48 h		 5.00 *
Percolation extraction
c[Epy]BF4 = 0.148 mol/L, textraction = 30 min, percolate: q = 2 drops/min		 3.50 *
G. biloba L. twig bark Sonification,
t sonification = 10 min, 80% methanol,
textraction = 45 min,
T = 25 °C		 0.03 ± 0.003 - - [178]
buds 0.005 ± 0.001 - -
petioles 0.88 ± 0.005 - -
leaf blades 1.90 ± 0.01 - -
seed petioles 0.38 ± 0.03 - -
sarcotesta 0.31 ± 0.02 - -
G. biloba L. leaves Sonification,
t sonification = 10 min; 70% ethanol,
textraction = 45 min,
T = 25 °C		 0.945 ± 0.090 Enzyme-assisted extraction
(Viscozyme L),
textraction = 4 h,
T = 50 °C, and
200 rpm		 0.974 ± 0.018 [202]
Enzyme-assisted extraction (Viscozyme L), textraction = 24 h, T = 50 °C, and 200 rpm 1.007 ± 0.013
Ultrasound-assisted extraction, 20 kHz,
62% amplitude,
textraction = 10 min,
T = 0 °C		 0.969 ± 0.004
Mechanically assisted extraction, textraction = 20 min,
T = 25 °C and
600 rpm		 0.994 ± 0.015
Chemically assisted extraction, 0.1% TritonX and 10% NaClO
solution,
T = 25 °C, and
200 rpm.		 0.631 ± 0.123
G. biloba L. leaves Sonification,
tsonification = 10 min; 80% methanol,
textraction = 45 min,
T = 25 °C		 0.543 ± 0.005 Sonification, tsonification = 10 min; DES, textraction = 45 min, T = 25 °C Betaine: ethylene glycol 1:2 with 10% H2O (w/w) 0.146 ± 0.016 [203]
Betaine: ethylene glycol 1:2 with 20% H2O (w/w) 0.124± 0.006
Betaine: ethylene glycol 1:2 with 30% H2O (w/w) 0.094 ± 0.006
Betaine: sucrose 1:4 with 30% H2O (w/w) 0.063 ± 0.001
Betaine: glycerol 1:2 with 10% H2O (w/w) 0.082 ± 0.009
Choline chloride: ethylene glycol 1:2 with 10% H2O (w/w) 0.062 ± 0.001
Choline chloride: ethylene glycol 1:2 with 20% H2O (w/w) 0.061 ± 0.000
Choline chloride: urea 1:2 with 10% H2O (w/w) 0.061 ± 0.000
Choline chloride: urea: ethylene glycol 1:2:2 with 10% H2O (w/w) 0.062 ± 0.001
G. biloba L.
leaves		 Ethanol-based ultrasound-assisted extraction,
70% ethanol
textraction = 25 min, solid–liquid ratio of 1:14 g/mL, and
ultrasonic power of 280 W		 10.00 * Ultrasonic-assisted ionic liquid extraction
c[Epy]BF4 = 0.148 mol/L,
textraction = 25 min, solid–liquid ratio of 1:14 g/mL, and ultrasonic power of 280 W		 13.97 [188]
Infiltration extraction
c[Epy]BF4 = 0.148 mol/L, textraction = 48 h		 9.10 *
Percolation extraction
c[Epy]BF4 = 0.148 mol/L, textraction = 30 min, percolate: q = 2 drops/min		 9.00 *
G. biloba L. twig bark Sonification,
tsonification = 10 min, 80% methanol,
textraction = 45 min,
T = 25 °C		 0.04 ± 0.004 - - [178]
buns 0.01 ± 0.003 - -
petioles 0.73 ± 0.003 - -
leaf blades 2.40 ± 0.006 - -
seed petioles 0.29 ± 0.02
sarcotesta 0.22 ± 0.004 - -
G. biloba L. leaves Sonification,
tsonification = 10 min; 70% ethanol,
textraction = 45 min,
T = 25 °C		 1.387 ± 0.105 Enzyme-assisted extraction
(Viscozyme L),
textraction = 4 h,
T = 50 °C, and
200 rpm		 1.430 ± 0.021 [203]
Enzyme-assisted extraction
(Viscozyme L),
textraction = 24 h,
T = 50 °C, and
200 rpm		 1.461 ± 0.105
Ultrasound-assisted extraction, 20 kHz,
62% amplitude,
textraction = 10 min,
T = 0 °C		 1.419 ± 0.006
Mechanically assisted extraction, textraction = 20 min,
T = 25 °C, and
600 rpm		 1.450 ± 0.018
Chemically assisted extraction, 0.1% TritonX and 10% NaClO
solution,
T = 25 °C, and
200 rpm.		 1.054 ± 0.099
G. biloba L. leaves Sonification,
tsonification = 10 min; 80% methanol,
textraction = 45 min,
T = 25 °C		 0.344 ± 0.026 Sonification, tsonification = 10 min; DES, textraction = 45 min, T = 25 °C Betaine: ethylene glycol 1:2 with 10% H2O (w/w) 0.154 ± 0.019 [203]
Betaine: ethylene glycol 1:2 with 20% H2O (w/w) 0.077± 0.001
Betaine: ethylene glycol 1:2 with 30% H2O (w/w) 0.071 ± 0.005
Betaine: sucrose 1:4 with 30% H2O (w/w) 0.054 ± 0.002
Betaine: glycerol 1:2 with 10% H2O (w/w) 0.059 ± 0.001
Choline chloride: ethylene glycol 1:2 with 10% H2O (w/w) 0.051 ± 0.002
Choline chloride: ethylene glycol 1:2 with 20% H2O (w/w) 0.050 ± 0.000
Choline chloride: urea 1:2 with 10% H2O (w/w) 0.050 ± 0.000
Choline chloride: urea: ethylene glycol 1:2:2 with 10% H2O (w/w) 0.050 ± 0.001
Total biflavonoids
Amentoflavone, ginkgetin, hinokiflavone and heveaflavone S. helvetica Ethanol-based ultrasound-assisted extraction,
95% ethanol,
ultrasonic power 250 W,T = 45 °C,
textraction = 40 min		 11.00 * Ultrasonic-assisted ionic liquid extraction
c[C6mim]PF6 = 0.78 mol/L,
textraction = 40 min, solid–liquid ratio of 1:12.72 g/mL, and ultrasonic power of 250 W,
T = 47.27 °C		 18.69 [190]
Heat-reflux extraction, 95% ethanol, textraction = 120 min 6.50 *
Soxhelt extraction, 95% ethanol,
textraction = 120 min		 7.00 *
Percolation extraction, 95% ethanol, textraction = 24 min 10.00 *
Amentoflavone, robustaflavone, and hinokiflavone S. doederleinii Soxhlet extraction, 70% ethanol,
textraction = 2 h,
T = 95 °C		 4.97 ± 0.08 Microwave-assisted extraction; 70% ethanol, 460 W microwave power, T = 45 °C, textraction = 45 min 8.91 ± 0.13 [193]
Ionic liquid microwave-assisted extraction,
c(Hmim) (PF6) = 2 mmol/L, solvent–material ratio = 1:15 g/mL, microwave power
460 W,
T = 45 °C,
textraction = 40 min		 16.83 ± 1.51
Myricitrin, isoquercitrin, quercitrin, amentoflavone and hinokiflavone P. cacumen - - Deep eutectic solvents (choline chloride:1,4-butanediol-lactic acid 1:3) and ultrasonic extraction, ultrasonic time: 60 min, liquid/solid ratio: 20:1, and water content: 35% 23.11 ± 0.35 [204]

* Most Abundant.