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. 2024 Sep 30;16(19):3329. doi: 10.3390/nu16193329

Table 4.

Fetal outcomes.

Author Outcome Measure(s) Summary Main Findings a Significance b
Avnon and Anbar [24] Umbilical

  1. Hemoglobin (g/dL)

  2. Ferritin (ng/mL)

  3. Vit B12 (pg/mL)

  4. Folic acid (ng/mL)

Deficiencies in blood levels

  1. Umbilical anemia (n (%))

  2. Umbilical ferritin deficiency (n (%))

  3. Umbilical vit B12 deficiency (n (%))

  4. Umbilical folic acid deficiency (n (%))

 Umbilical

  1. 15.56 ± 2.21 vs. 15.76 ± 2.23

  2. 199.02 ± 120.87 vs. 233.26 ± 216.80

  3. 902.05 ± 586.60 vs. 778.57 ± 402.04

  4. 20.51 ± 4.66 vs. 20.61 ± 5.01

Deficiencies

  1. 4 (8.33) vs. 5 (5.10)

  2. 3 (7.32) vs. 12 (14.12)

  3. 2 (5.00) vs. 1 (1.23)

  4. 0 (0) vs. 1 (1.67)

 Umbilical

  1. NS

  2. NS

  3. NS

  4. NS

Deficiencies

  1. NS

  2. NS

  3. NS

  4. NS
Avnon and Dubinsky [25]

  1. SGA (n (%)) *

  2. Birthweight (gram SD) *

  3. 5-min Apgar score below 7 (n (%))

  1. 7 (11.67) vs. 2 (1.79)

  2. 3015.2 ± 420.4 vs. 3328 ± 495.8

  3. 0 (0) vs. 0 (0)

  1. p = 0.018

  2. p = 0.002

  3. p < 0.001
Ferrara [27]

  1. Birth weight

  2. Birth length

  3. Birth head circumference

  1. Lower in grams

    Lower in percentiles

  2. No difference

  3. No difference

  1. p = 0.03 a

    p = 0.02 a

  2. NS a

  3. NS a
Hedegaard [28]

  1. Birth weight (mean g (SD))

  2. Birth length (mean cm (SD))

  3. Gestational age (mean days (SD))

  4. Low birth weight <2500 g (n (%))

  5. SGA (n (%))

  6. Male infants (n (%))

  1. 3441 ± 558 vs. 3601 ± 544

  2. 52.5 ± 2.6 vs. 52.3 ± 2.6

  3. 285.6 ± 9.9 vs. 280.6 ± 11.9

  4. 2 (11) vs. 1623 (2.5)

  5. 5 (27.8) vs. 6502 (9.9)

  6. 7 (38.9) vs. 33,792 (51.3)

  1. NS

  2. NS

  3. p < 0.01

  4. p < 0.05

  5. NS

  6. NS
Kesary [26]

  1. SGA (n (%))

    Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) **

  2. LGA, (n (%))

    Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) **

  3. preterm delivery <37 weeks (n (%))

  4. Birthweight centile (mean p (SD))

  5. Low birth weight <2500 g (n (%))

  1. 24 (10.3) vs. 67 (6.4)

    1.59 (0.95–2.65)

  2. 13 (5.6) vs. 100 (9.5)

    0.60 (0.33–1.11)

  3. 6 (2.6) vs. 46 (4.4)

  4. 42.6 ± 25.9 vs. 52.5 ± 27.0

  5. 10 (4.3) vs. 57 (5.4)

  1. NS

    NS

  2. NS

    NS

  3. NS

  4. p < 0.001

  5. NS
Pawlak [29]

  1. Birth weight (Mean kg (SD))

  2. Prevalence of low birth weight (%)

  1. 3.54 (0.51) vs. 3.32 (0.63)

  2. 0% vs. 7.1%

  1. NS

  2. NS

SGA: small for gestational age (birth weight <10th centile); LGA: large for gestational age (birth weight >90th centile); NS: not significant. a vegan compared to omnivores unless stated otherwise. b vegan compared to other groups: lacto-ovo-vegetarian, fish-eaters, and omnivores unless stated otherwise. * adjusted to age and pre-pregnancy BMI. ** adjusted for age, birth week, smoking, and pre-pregnancy BMI.