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. 2024 Sep 27;24(19):6273. doi: 10.3390/s24196273

Table 6.

Technical aspects of blockchain and smart contracts’ methodologies for ethical CCAM challenges.

Ref Challenge Blockchain/
Smart Contract
Consensus Mechanism Techniques/Tools Performance of the Methodology
[56] Accountability Blockchain PoW NDN Moderate performance in the communication load due to the handling of a large amount of data by the vehicles but also due to the different key pairs used in the technologies based on
[57] Accountability Permissioned Blockchain and Smart Contracts PoW IPFS, SDNs Low performance
[58] Accountability Blockchain and Smart Contracts DPoS, PoW Better for large concurrent authentication requests than a large number of requests
[59] Responsibility Blockchain PBFT SDN, Fog computing Moderate performance in terms of communication load
[60] Responsibility Permissioned Blockchain and Smart Contracts PoA IPFS Low performance as the number of malicious nodes increases, compared to the methodology without smart contracts
[43] Trust management Blockchain and Smart Contracts PoW and PoS PUFs Works effectively against data tampering and identity disclosure attacks