Table 9.

Potential future directions of CCAM.

Future Direction	Description
Well-structured trust models	Models that will create a climate of trust and security for users and that will include all involved entities, different types of data, different properties, measurements, and parameters.
Building a framework to protect against a set of attacks	Methodologies should cover many different types of attacks and not just a few. A comprehensive framework for dealing with most VANET attacks and failures should be designed and evaluated.
Mechanisms and methodologies with a small energy footprint	Defining parameters in the processes and operations that will be implemented in order to reduce the consumption of resources that affect energy consumption and environmental pollution.
Comprehensive profiling, reputation and rating system for all entities involved	Creating a profile based on the contribution to road incident data, but also defining the reputation of each entity (fixed or not, direct or indirect), but also creating a reward system for its behavior in the road ecosystem.
Use of Federal Learning and Artificial Intelligence technologies.	Applying Federated Learning and Artificial Intelligence models to create a global intelligence in the IoT ecosystem.
Use of emerging technologies	Cloud Services, Fog, and Edge computing, Software Defined Networking (SDN), Network Functions Virtualization (NFV).
Improving the performance of blockchain technology for use in different applications	Blockchain offers users many different applications with different performance requirements, which must be met by blockchain technology in order to overcome latency and load issues.
Improvement and development of detection systems and sensors	Further research into the creation of more reliable and efficient devices and sensors, filtering and evaluating the data they produce before being sent to the RSUs and central infrastructure.
Balancing between decentralization and network load	Blockchain technology, the consensus mechanism, and the constant exchange of large volumes of data burdens the network and causes load and delays.
Allocation of resources, processing and storage	Due to the complexity and decentralization of blockchain technology, as well as the dynamic nature of the blockchain, new performance and resource allocation challenges arise.