AD	Alzheimer’s disease
AIDS	Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
Aβ	Amyloid-β
Aβ42	Amyloid-β 42
Akt	Protein kinase B
ARE	Antioxidant response element
BMI	Body mass index
Borkh.	Borkhausen
CAT	Catalase
Ca2+	Calcium ions
CHUA	3β-trans-cinnamoyloxy-2α-hydroxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid
CRC	Colorectal cancer
CuZnSOD	Copper zinc superoxide dismutase
CYP1A1	Cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily A member 1
DNA	Deoxyribonucleic acid
EGFR	Epidermal growth factor receptor
ERK1/2	Extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2
FW	Fresh weight
GAPDH	Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase
GI	Glycemic index
GPx	Glutathione peroxidase
HCC	Hepatocellular carcinoma
HCl	Hydrochloric acid
HIV	Human immunodeficiency virus
H2O2	Hydrogen peroxide
IC50	Half-maximal inhibitory concentration
IGF-1	Insulin-like growth factor 1
LDL	Low-density lipoprotein
MAPK	Mitogen-activated protein kinases
MDA	Malondialdehyde
miRNA	Micro ribonucleic acid
MRSA	Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
MT	Metric tons
NAD(P)H	Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) hydrogen
NCDs	Non-communicable diseases
NFE2L2	Nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2
NF-κB	Nuclear factor kappa B
Nrf2	Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
NMDA	N-methyl-D-aspartate
NO	Nitric oxide
OG	Oligogalactan
ORAC	Oxygen radical antioxidant capacity
OSCC	Oral squamous cell carcinoma
O2-	Superoxide anion
·OH	Hydroxyl radical
PA	Phloretamide
PCs	Procyanidins
PGC-1α	Proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha
Phldz	Phloridzin
Phlor	Phloretin
PI3K	Phosphoinositide 3 kinase
PPO	Polyphenol oxidase
ROS	Reactive oxygen species
SOD	Superoxide dismutase
SOD2	Superoxide dismutase 2
TE	Trolox equivalents
TLR-4	Toll-like receptor 4
UA	Ursolic acid
USA	United States of America
UV	Ultraviolet
5-FU	5-fluorouracil