Table 1.

Summary of internal stimulus-responsive hydrogels applied to skin wound healing.

Stimulation	Hydrogel	Crosslink	Animal Model	Ref.
pH	CMCS/PVP/TA multifunctional hydrogel	Hydroge-bonding, electrostatic interactions	Mouse whole-skin defect model	[58]
	PVA–borax/resveratrol grafted cellulose nanofiber hydrogel	Dynamic borate bonding, hydrogen bonding	Aureus-infected female KM mouse model	[59]
	in situ Ag NP–silk microfiber–hydrazide hyaluronic acid hydrogel	Dynamic acyl hydrazone bonds, metal chelation	Mouse back burn model	[60]
	Pluronic F127/carbon nanotubes/N-carboxyethyl chitosan hydrogel	Dynamic Schiff base bonds, Π–Π covalency, hydrophobic interactions	Mouse whole-skin wound infection model	[61]
ROS	SPBA/L-Arg/PVA hydrogel	Hydrogen bonding	Mouse whole-layer skin defect model	[62]
	NHS-TK-NH (ROS cleavable joint)/RSG-CCL22 hydrogel	Amide bond, carbon-carbon covalent	Mouse whole-layer diabetic wound model	[63]
	Polyvinyl alcohol–TPA (ROS response connector) hydrogel	Phenylboronic acid ester bond	Bacteria-infected diabetic mouse wound model	[64]
	Copper-tannic acid (CuTA) nanosheet–GelMA hydrogel	Free radical polymerization, hydrogen bonding, borate bonding	Rat diabetic wound model	[65]
Enzyme	Pluronic F-127–methylcellulose hydrogels loaded with GT/siMMP9	Hydrogen bonding	Rat diabetic wound model	[66]
	supramolecular peptide hydrogels doped with nanoparticles	Self-assembly, electrostatic interactions	Rat diabetic wound model	[67]
	Injectable and microporous fibrous gel particles containing bioglass and siRNAs	Photocrosslinking	Rat diabetic wound model	[68]
	Phenylboronic acid-grafted quaternized chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol hydrogels	Boronate bonds	Rat diabetic wound model	[69]
Glucose	Lipoic acid-modified chitosan injectable hydrogel	Photocrosslinking, amide reaction	Diabetic wound model in mice	[70]
	Ag NPs/phenylboronic acid grafted onto hyaluronic acid–glycol chitosan hydrogels	Dynamic borate bonding	Bacterially infected diabetic rat wound model	[71]
	Phenylboronic acid-modified linseed gum–polyvinyl alcohol hydrogels loaded with PMX, L-ascorbic acid, CA	Dynamic borate bonds, hydrogen bonds	Whole-layer wound healing model of dorsal skin defects in type I diabetic male Kunming mice	[72]
	Polyethylene glycol copolymerized (glycerol sebacate)/dihydrocaffeic acid and l-arginine-copolymerized chitosan hydrogel	Schiff base bonds, phenyl borate bonds	Whole-layer model of foot skin defect wound healing in type II diabetic SD rats	[73]