Table 2.
Summary of external stimulus-responsive hydrogels applied to skin wound healing.
| Stimulation | Hydrogel | Crosslink | Animal Model | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Temperature | Amphiphilic ion-based carboxymethyl cellulose hydrogels | Hydrogen bonding | Staphylococcus aureus-infected mouse wound model | [97] |
| VEGF-loaded N-acryloylglycinamide/1-vinyl-1,2,4-triazole/ PNIPAM polymer hydrogels |
Hydrogen-bonding, non-covalent interactions | Rat diabetic wound model | [98] | |
| Poly(citrate-glycol-siloxane)-based molecular hybridized hydrogels | Hydrogen bonding | MRSA-infected mouse wound model | [99] | |
| Multilayered micellar polyarc complex hydrogels loaded with Ag NPs | Ionic interactions, Steglich esterification reactions | Rat total skin defect model | [100] | |
| Photo | DA-grafted hyaluronic acid–PDA-coated Ti3C2/MXene nanosheets for injectable hydrogels | Oxidative coupling, amide bonds | Diabetic mouse whole-layer skin defect model | [101] |
| Polydopamine-coated cellulose nanocrystals/phenylazo-capped Pluronic F127-quaternized chitosan-grafted cyclodextrin hydrogels | Schiff base bonding, hydrogen bonding | Rat total skin defect model | [102] | |
| Bimetallic CuCo-doped nitrogen–carbon nano-enzyme functionalized hydrogels | Fenton reaction, oxidative coupling | MRSA mouse wound infection model | [103] | |
| Gelatin-based smart three-dimensional hydrogels | Amide bonds, hydrogen bonds, electrostatic interactions and aromatic π–π interactions | Rat total skin defect model | [104] | |
| Electric | Odium alginate oxide-carboxymethyl chitosan injectable hydrogel | Dynamic imine bonding, in situ photoreduction | New Zealand white rabbit whole-skin defect model |
[105] |
| Polypyrrole-F127 composite hydrogel | Electrochemical crosslinking | Mouse whole-layer skin defect model | [106] | |
| Sensor hydrogel based on amphiphilic ionic thermal glucose-sensitized skin-like sensitization | π–π interactions, hydrogen bonding | Diabetic mouse whole-skin defect model | [107] | |
| Magnetic | Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate-based hydrogels loaded with RGD and TMP | Alkene reaction | Diabetic mouse whole-layer skin defect model | [108] |
| MXene-encapsulated MNP-based dual-network hydrogels | Covalent crosslinking, ionic crosslinking | Infected diabetic rat whole-layer skin defect model | [109] |