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. 2024 Sep 19;16(10):2322–2348. doi: 10.1038/s44321-024-00140-z

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ applies to the data associated with this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data, but does not extend to the graphical or creative elements of illustrations, charts, or figures. This waiver removes legal barriers to the re-use and mining of research data. According to standard scholarly practice, it is recommended to provide appropriate citation and attribution whenever technically possible.

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(A) Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed vascular and nucleated blood cells in the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, and hippocampus of pigs (200×). The arrowhead pointed to nucleated blood cells. (B–G) The number of nucleated blood cells per field in the brain (average number in the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, and hippocampus). (H) Immunofluorescence staining for CD45 in the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, and the hippocampus of pigs (200×). The arrowhead pointed to brown-yellow CD45+ cells. (I–N) The mean number of CD45+ cells of two fields in the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, hippocampus or brain (average number of the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, and hippocampus). (B–G), and (I–N) Sham, no ischemia, n = 3; BWI-30, brain with 30-min warm ischemia, n = 6; BLWI-30, brain and liver with 30-min warm ischemia, n = 7; all replicates shown were biological replicates; Mean ± SEM, two-tailed ratio unpaired t-test. Source data are available online for this figure.