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. 2024 Sep 19;16(10):2322–2348. doi: 10.1038/s44321-024-00140-z

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ applies to the data associated with this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data, but does not extend to the graphical or creative elements of illustrations, charts, or figures. This waiver removes legal barriers to the re-use and mining of research data. According to standard scholarly practice, it is recommended to provide appropriate citation and attribution whenever technically possible.

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(A, B) Volcano plot illustrating the differential metabolites with secondary mass spectrometry (MS2) names in the frontal lobe (A) and temporal lobe (B) of the pig brains with and without simultaneous hepatic ischemia. Significant metabolic alterations (P value < 0.05, VIP > 1) were denoted in red or blue, respectively. (C, D) Bubble plot displaying the enriched metabolic pathways for increased metabolites in the frontal lobe and temporal lobe, respectively. The value on the x-axis and the size of the circle indicates the impact of the difference. The value on the y-axis and the color indicates the significance of enrichment in −ln(P). (E, F) Matchstick plot illustrating the top metabolic alterations with lowest P values in the frontal lobe (E) and temporal lobe (F). The x-axis displays the log2(fold change) of BLWI to BWI. Each item’s VIP score is denoted by color. (A–F) Frontal lobe: BWI-30, n = 5, BLWI-30, n = 5; temporal lobe: BWI-30, n = 6, BLWI-30, n = 7. All replicates shown were biological replicates. P values were calculated by the t-test (A, B, E, F) and Fisher’s exact test (C, D) using the ggplot2 R package. Source data are available online for this figure.