TABLE 1.
The Association Between Lifting State-Issued Mask Mandates (At Least 15 Days Prior to Survey Date) and Self-Reported Mask-Wearing Behavior: Difference-in-Difference Estimates
| Coefficient Estimates (P-value) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |
| Lifting of state-issued mask mandate | ||||
| Overall | −0.03 (.276) | – | – | – |
| For those who live in a rural county | – | −0.11 (.005)a | – | – |
| For those who live in a suburban county | – | −0.01 (.703) | – | – |
| For those who live in an urban county | – | 0.03 (.343) | – | – |
| For those who are vaccinated | – | – | −0.02 (.427) | – |
| For those who plan to get vaccinated | – | – | 0.04 (.289) | – |
| For those who are not sure if they will get vaccinated | – | – | −0.12 (.037)a | – |
| For those who do not plan to get vaccinated | – | – | −0.03 (.544) | – |
| For those who live in a state with low cases | – | – | – | −0.01 (.853) |
| For those who live in a state with moderate cases | – | – | – | −0.05 (.139) |
| For those who live in a state with substantial cases | – | – | – | 0.01 (.940) |
| For those who live in a state with high cases | – | – | – | −0.03 (.688) |
| Urbanicity | ||||
| Urban (reference) | – | – | – | – |
| Suburban | −0.01 (.683) | 0.01 (.937) | −0.01 (.669) | −0.01 (.681) |
| Rural | −0.05 (.004)a | −0.02 (.276) | −0.05 (.005)a | −0.05 (.004)a |
| Vaccination status | ||||
| Vaccinated (reference) | – | – | – | – |
| Plan to get vaccinated | 0.03 (.010)a | 0.03 (.005)a | 0.03 (.052) | 0.03 (.010)a |
| Not sure if 1 plan to get vaccinated | −0.04 (.041)a | −0.04 (.057) | −0.02 (.265) | −0.04 (.041)a |
| Do not plan to get vaccinated | −0.25 (.001)a | −0.24 (.001)a | −0.24 (.001)a | −0.25 (.001) |
| Sex | ||||
| Male (reference) | – | – | – | – |
| Female | 0.03 (.009)a | 0.03 (.008)a | 0.03 (.009)a | 0.03 (.009)a |
| Age group | ||||
| 18-24 (reference) | – | – | – | – |
| 25-34 | −0.01 (.696) | −0.01 (.744) | −0.01 (.731) | −0.01 (.685) |
| 35-44 | 0.01 (.796) | 0.02 (.723) | 0.02 (.686) | 0.01 (.813) |
| 45-54 | 0.10 ( 037)a | 0.11 (.035)a | 0.11 (032)a | 0.10 (.038)a |
| 55-64 | 0.01 (.986) | −0.01 (.982) | 0.01 (.944) | −0.01 (.993) |
| 65 + | 0.08 (.084) | 0.08 (.060) | 0.08 (.064) | 0.08 (.087) |
| Education | ||||
| High school or less (reference) | – | – | – | – |
| College degree | −0.03 (.065) | −0.03 (.073) | −0.03 (.073) | −0.03 (.070) |
| Postgraduate degree | 0.01 (.564) | 0.01 (.456) | 0.01 (.563) | 0.01 (.543) |
| Employment | ||||
| Full-time (reference) | – | – | – | – |
| Part-time | −0.02 (.410) | −0.02 (.375) | −0.02 (.390) | −0.02 (.401) |
| Unemployed | 0.02 (.269) | 0.02 (.286) | 0.02 (.290) | 0.02 (.280) |
| Other | 0.01 (.961) | 0.01 (.946) | −0.01 (.969) | 0.01 (.967) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| White (reference) | – | – | – | – |
| Black | −0.002 (.935) | −0.002 (.988) | −0.002 (.907) | −0.01 (.946) |
| Asian | 0.02 (.473) | 0.02 (.456) | 0.02 (.466) | 0.02 (.472) |
| American Indian/Alaskan Native | −0.05 (.360) | −0.06 (.317) | −0.05 (.380) | −0.05 (.358) |
| Hispanic | 0.02 (.382) | 0.02 (.390) | 0.02 (.375) | 0.02 (.389) |
| Other | 0.07 (.011)a | 0.07 (.009)a | 0.07 (.011)a | 0.07 (.011)a |
| COVID-19 Community Level | ||||
| Low | – | – | – | – |
| Moderate | −0.05 (.198) | −0.04 (.203) | −0.04 (.231) | −0.03 (.523) |
| Substantial | −0.04 (.255) | −0.04 (.261) | −0.04 (.291) | −0.04 (.381) |
| High | −0.06 (.145) | −0.05 (.158) | −0.05 (.165) | −0.05 (.297) |
Note: The dependent variable is a dummy variable indicating whether the respondent often or always wore a mask around people they did not know in the last month. Sample included 3,459 individuals from the 37 states and District of Columbia that had a mask mandate in place on February 1, 2021. Respondents were coded as residing in a state that lifted a mask mandate if their state was subject to the lifted mandate for at least IS days prior to the survey date. Model 1 estimates the average effect of lifting state-issued mask mandates. Model 2 estimates the average effect of lifting state-issued mask mandates by vaccination status. Model 3 estimates the average effect of lifting state-issued mask mandates by urbanicity, and Model 4 estimates the average effect of lifting state-issued mask mandates by state COVID-19 community-level categorization. All models included survey month fixed effects and state fixed effects and were estimated with robust standard errors. Results are reported as coefficient estimate with P-values in parenthesis.
Data Source: Porter Novelli Emerging Timely Topics. Policy data source.
Each cell with an asterisk indicates P < .05.