Table 3.

Significant PFAS-protein associations, adjusting for covariates and multiple comparisons in SOLAR, and cross-database protein functional annotations.

Protein names	Model 1^a β (95 % CI)	Model 2^b β (95 % CI)	Protein functional annotations

PFOS (3 proteins)
BPIFB1	0.27 (0.11, 0.42)^*	0.25 (0.09, 0.40)	Innate immunity in the respiratory system
CLUL1	0.25 (0.10, 0.39)^*	0.24 (0.10, 0.38)^*	(Unknown)
NCAM1	0.13 (0.06, 0.21)^*	0.13 (0.06, 0.21)^*	Nervous system development; immune surveillance
PFOA (3 proteins)
CLEC5A	0.14 (0.07, 0.21)^*	0.13 (0.06, 0.20)^*	Osteoclastogenesis; pro-inflammation; immune response
RNASE3	0.75 (0.31, 1.19)^*	0.76 (0.32, 1.21)^*	Antimicrobial peptides; asthma
HMOX1	0.25 (0.12,0.38)^*	0.24(0.11, 0.38)^*	Heme catabolism; response to stress
PFHpS (1 protein)
SSC4D	0.66 (0.28, 1.03)^*	0.61 (0.24, 0.99)	Immune response
PFNA (7 proteins)
ACP5	0.14 (0.06, 0.23)^*	0.13 (0.06, 0.22)	Osteopontin; osteoclast differentiation; rheumatoid arthritis
CLEC1A	0.17 (0.07, 0.27)^*	0.18 (0.08, 0.29)^*	Regulation of dendritic cell function; inflammation
HMOX1	0.34 (0.18, 0.51)^*	0.34 (0.18, 0.51)^*	Heme catabolism; response to stress
LRP11	0.18 (0.07, 0.29)^*	0.19 (0.08, 0.30)^*	Phosphoprotein binding activity
MCAM	0.19 (0.07, 0.30)^*	0.17 (0.06, 0.28)	Angiogenesis; biomarker of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and uveal melanoma.
SPARCL1	0.19 (0.08, 0.29)^*	0.17 (0.06, 0.27)	Extracellular matrix binding; regulation of insulin-like growth factor transport
SSC5D	0.26 (0.12, 0.40)^*	0.27 (0.13, 0.41)^*	Innate defense; regulation of interleukin-8 production
Tertiles of PFAS Mixtures (1 protein)
SSC5D	0.24 (0.10, 0.38)^*	0.24 (0.10, 0.38)^*	Innate defense; regulation of interleukin-8 production

Protein abbreviations: BPI fold containing family B member 1 (BPIFB1); Clusterin-like protein 1 (CLUL1); Neural cell adhesion molecule 1 (NCAM1); C-type lectin domain containing 5A (CLEC5A); Eosinophil cationic protein (RNASE3); Heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1); Scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domain-containing group B protein (SSC4D); Acid phosphatase 5, tartrate resistant (ACP5); C-type lectin domain family 1 member A (CLEC1A); Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 11 (LRP11); Melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM); SPARC like 1 (SPARCL1); Scavenger receptor cysteine rich family member with 5 domains (SSC5D).

Model 1 adjusted for age, sex, study wave, and socioeconomic status (SES).

Model 2 additionally adjusted for tanner stage.

Statistical significance for multiple comparisons based on a PCA-adjusted α threshold of 0.00128.