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. 2024 Oct 15;15:8466. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-52631-9

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a Tubeworm clumps growing on lobate lava shelf at surface and in cracks (dive S0543). b Lobate lava with three uppermost shelves and cavities shown, lava drips (arrow) at the roof of shelves (dive S0560). c Six subsurface cavities visible after lifting of lava shelves (recovery dives 1, S0552; 2, S0554; 3, S0556; 4, S0557; 5, S0558; 6, S0560). d Opened subseafloor cavity with bottom covered by white microbial mat and live Paralvinella spp. (asterisk) and large Riftia pachyptila (arrow), roof with alive and tubes of Oasisia alvinae (double arrow) (dive S0556). e,f Recovered lava shelf shown upside-down, with O. alvinae wrapped around lava drips protruding from the ceiling of the opened crustal subseafloor cavity (dive S0552). g Upside-down lava shelf with O. alvinae mostly growing from crack downwards into cavity (dive S0560). h Upside-down lava shelf with R. pachyptila growing from crack upwards towards the seafloor (dive S0552). m = meter; cm = centimeter; mm = millimeter.