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. 2024 Oct 15;15:8466. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-52631-9

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© The Author(s) 2024

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Fig. 4 — a Drilling of a small hole of ~2 cm diameter with a chisel to widen an existing crack in the lava crust. b Measurement of in situ temperature in about 20 cm depth below the seafloor surface and sampling of 75 L fluid from the subseafloor cavity. c Widening the hole to ~10 cm in diameter. d Suction sampling the crustal subseafloor community with 32 µm fine mesh. e Lifting of lava shelf. f Flipping of lava shelf. m = meter; cm = centimeter.