Table 2.
The results of the groups under study were collected before and after the interventions.
| Variable | Group | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NFT + SST Mean (SD) |
SST Mean (SD) |
CO Mean (SD) |
Time effect | Group effect | Time × group interaction | ||||
| Pre-test | Post-test | Pre-test | Post-test | Pre-test | Post-test | ||||
| Stork test with open–eyes (s) | 40.19(11.15) | 62.84(16.52) | 38.90(9.95) | 55.12(16.28) | 39.45(8.01) | 39.65(8.42) |
F = 59.45 P = 0.001 ES = 0.64 |
F = 11.49 P = 0.001 ES = 0.41 |
F = 19.33 P = 0.001 ES = 0.54 |
| Within-group results |
P = < 0.001 MD = 22.65 % change = ↑ 56.35% 95% CI: − 31.39 to – 13.91 |
P = < 0.001 MD = 16.22 % change = ↑ 41.69% 95% CI: − 24.85 to – 7.58 |
P = 0.84 MD = 0.2 % change = ↑ 0.50% 95% CI: − 5.45 to 5.05 |
||||||
| Stork test with closed–eyes (s) | 3.08(0.94) | 5.10(0.86) | 3.28 (1.43) | 4.53 (1.06) | 3.62(1.36) | 3.61(1.24) |
F = 98.11 P = 0.001 ES = 0.74 |
F = 10.44 P = 0.001 ES = 0.38 |
F = 38.57 P = 0.001 ES = 0.70 |
| Within-group results |
P = < 0.001 MD = 2.52 % change = ↑ 65.58% 95% CI: -2.59 to – 1.44 |
P = < 0.001 MD = 1.25 % change = ↑ 38.10% 95% CI: − 2.05 to – 0.44 |
P = 0.94 MD = − 0.01 % change = ↓ 0.27% 95% CI: − 0.82 to 0.84 |
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| TUG (s) | 14.97(0.96) | 11.88(0.59) | 15.11(1.10) | 13.73(1.44) | 14.85(0.83) | 14.68(0.87) |
F = 113.60 P = 0.001 ES = 0.77 |
F = 31.50 P = 0.001 ES = 0.65 |
F = 29.27 P = 0.001 ES = 0.64 |
| Within-group results |
P = < 0.001 MD = − 3.09 % change = ↓ 20.64% 95% CI: 2.57 to 3.60 |
P = < 0.001 MD = − 1.38 % change = ↓ 9.13% 95% CI: 0.55 to 2.20 |
P = 0.43 MD = − 0.17 % change = ↓ 1.14% 95% CI: − 0.47 to 0.61 |
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| CS-PFP (score) | 50.11(13.56) | 63.85(9.34) | 51.23(10.66) | 60.76(10.02) | 50.16(8.13) | 48.38(5.19) |
F = 47.22 P = 0.001 ES = 0.45 |
F = 5.54 P = 0.006 ES = 0.16 |
F = 17.90 P = 0.001 ES = 0.38 |
| Within-group results |
P = < 0.001 MD = 13.74 % change = ↑ 27.41% 95% CI: − 17.79 to – 8.37 |
P = < 0.001 MD = 9.53 % change = ↑ 18.60% 95% CI: − 13.36 to – 5.43 |
P = 0.23 MD = − 1.78 % change = ↓ 3.54% 95% CI: − 0.95 to 3.66 |
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NFT neurofeedback training, SST somatosensory training, CO control, ES effect size, CI confidence interval, TUG timed up and go, CS-PFP continuous-scale physical functional performance. ↑ indicates increase, ↓ indicates decrease. Significant level set as p < 0.05.