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Comparing predictions for outdoor UFP number concentrations from LUR and CNN models in the test set in Montreal and Toronto. The Pearson correlation between LUR and CNN model predictions was 0.80 for Montreal and 0.86 for Toronto (panel A). A histogram of observed values is shown in panel B for each city. CNN = convolutional neural network; LUR = land use regression; PNC = particle number concentration; UFP = ultrafine particles.
