Table 4.
Median Difference Between Observed and Predicted Values in the Test Set and the 5th to 95th Percentile Range of Observed Values Used for Model Development (Aggregated Monitoring Data)
| Pollutant | Model | Median Difference (5th, 95th percentile) | Observed 5th–95th Percentile Range | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Montreal | Toronto | Montreal | Toronto | ||
| UFP number (particles/cm3) | LUR | −338 (−11,332, 17,177) | 533 (−12,285, 22,961) | 41,195 | 46,815 |
| CNN | −232 (−8,948, 24,100) | −1,530 (−18,211, 16,988) | |||
| Combined | −125 (−8,924, 21,220) | −770 (−20,864, 16,063) | |||
| UFP size (nm) | LUR | −0.35 (−9.18, 10.14) | −0.06 (−6.37, 6.80) | 27 | 21 |
| CNN | −0.79 (−10.17, 11.83) | 0.72 (−6.64, 8.75) | |||
| Combined | −0.8 (−9.64, 10.20) | 0.54 (−5.96, 7.37) | |||
| BC (ng/m3) | LUR | 51 (−617, 1,087) | 71 (−812, 1,282) | 2,512 | 2,750 |
| CNN | 91 (−511, 1,331) | 44 (−818, 1,312) | |||
| Combined | 75 (−462, 1,156) | 40 (−1,031, 1,202) | |||
BC = black carbon; CNN = convolutional neural network; LUR = land use regression; UFP = ultrafine particles.